高级英语各单元修辞.doc

英语修辞手法总结
1) Simile：(明喻）是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。明喻的表达方法是：A像B。

2) Metaphor：(暗喻)是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当。暗喻又叫隐喻。
例如：何等动人的一页又一页篇章！这是人类思维的花朵。（徐迟《哥德巴赫猜想》）

3) Analogy: (类比)是基于两种不同事物间的类似,借助喻体的特征,通过联想来对本体加以修饰描摩的一种文学修辞手法。

4) Personification: (拟人)把事物人格化，把本来不具备人的一些动作和感情的事物变成和人一样的。就像童话里的动物、植物能说话，能大笑。

5) Hyperbole: (夸张)是指为了达到强调或滑稽效果，而有意识的使用言过其实的词语，这样的一种修辞手段。夸张法并不等于有失真实或不要事实，而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。

6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）

7) Euphemism: (委婉）是指为了策略或礼貌起见,使用温和的,令人愉快的,不害人的语言来表达令人厌恶的,伤心或不宜直说的事实,

8) Metonymy:(转喻）是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。转喻又称换喻，或借代。

9) Synecdoche (提喻）是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。

10) Antonomasia (换喻）一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法

11) Pun: (双关语）指在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和同音的条件,有意使语句具有双重意义，言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。双关可使语言表达得含蓄、幽默，而且能加深语意，给人以深刻印象。

12) Syllepsis: (异叙）此修辞格的特点是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）同时与两个词或者更多相搭配，巧用一词多义的特点。

13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。

14) Irony: (反语）运用跟本意相反的词语来表达此意，却含有否定、讽刺以及嘲弄的意思

15) Innuendo: (暗讽）

16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）

17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）即短而机智之妙语，名言警句。

18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。

19) Antithesis: (对照） 即把两种相差、相反、相关的事物，或同一事物相差、相反、相对的两个方面，放在一起加以比照，使之相反相成，以更鲜明地表现事物特征，也称对比。

20) Epigram: (警句）一般是一句话或一段引语，主要用来激励和告诉当事人某些道理，提醒着使人们在生活中时刻保持着某种精神品格，所以也叫醒句。

21) Climax: (渐进或递升法）1、 以程度的深浅，语意的轻重的顺序来排列语句 2、 以范围的大小顺序来排列语句 3、 以时间的先后顺序来排列语句

22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降)

23) Apostrophe： (顿呼）

24) Transferred Epithet: (移就）就是有意识的把描写甲事物的词语移用来描写乙事物。 一般可分为移人于物、移物于人、移物于物三类。

25) Alliteration: (头韵）头韵是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词，简明生动，起到突出重点，加深印象，平衡节奏，宣泄感情的作用。

26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）是指用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强讲话或文字的实际音感

Unit 1 The Middle Eastern Bazaar
Metaphor:
dark cavern, fairyland, maze, honeycomb, etc
form a closely knit guild...
Simile:
a vast sombre cavern of a room
Personification:
The Middle Easter bazaar takes you...
dancing flashes
The beam sinks…taut and protesting
Hyperbole:
takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years
every conceivable, innumerable lamps, incredibly young, with the dust of centuries
Onomatopoeia:
creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.
tinkling, banging, clashing

Unit2 Hiroshima---the"Liveliest"City in Japan
Metaphor :
I had a lump in my throat
At last this intermezzo came to an end...
I was again crushed by the thought...
...when the meaning ... sank in, jolting me...

Metonymy(借代): 　　
...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt
I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact

Euphemism委婉语: 　　
Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares.

Irony:
Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan
the good fortune that my illness has brought me

Anti-Climax:
a town known throughout the world for its---oysters

Alliteration:
slip to a stop
tested and treated

Rhetorical Question
Was I not at the scene of the crime?

Unit4 Everyday Use
Simile(明喻)
The yard was like an extended living room.( Para.1)
Maggie’s hand is as limp as a fish, and probably as cold, despite the sweat, and she keeps trying to pull it back.( Para.23)
Metaphor(暗喻)
Every once in a while he and Wangero sent eye signals over my head.( Para.36)
She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts. ( Para.12)
Metonymy( 转喻)
Out she peeks next with a Polaroid.( Para.22)
The kettle boils.
Parallelism （排比） She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle.
Irony (反语)“What don’t I understand?” I wanted to know. "Your heritage,” she said.( Para. 79-80)
Onomatopoeia( 拟声)
Like when you see the wriggling end of a snake just in front of your foot on the road (para.19)
Personification （拟人）
She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that “no” is a word the world never learned to say to her.

Unit 5 Speech on Hitler's Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
Metaphor: cataract of horrors
rid the earth of his shadow...liberate people from his yoke
The scene will be clear for the final act.

Alliteration: dull, drilled, docile...
for his hearth and home
with its clanking, heel-clicking...

Assonance: clanking, heel-clicking,…
cowing and tying ...plodding on like crawling locusts, ...smarting from many a British whipping...
easier and safer prey

Repetition: We have but one aim and one single purpose
nothing will turn us---nothing
We will never parley, we will never negotiate...
This is our policy and this is our declaration
as we shall faithfully and steadfastly

Parallelism: The past, with its crimes,
its follies,
and its tragedies...
I see,...I see...
the return of the bread-winner,
of their champion,
of their protector
We shall fight him by land,
we shall fight him by sea,
we shall fight him in the air
Any man or state...
Any man or state...
Let us...
Let us...

Noun phrases: I had not the slightest doubt where ...
With great rapidity and violence

Periodic sentences: When I awoke on...invasion of Russia.
If Hitler imagines that... woefully mistaken.
Unit 6 BLACKMAIL
Metaphor:
...the nerves of both ... were excessively frayed...
his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.
The words spat forth with sudden savagery.
Her tone ...withered
...self-assurance...flickered...
The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.
Her voice was a whiplash.
eyes bored into him
I’ll spell it out.

Euphemism:
...and you took a lady friend.

Metonymy:
won 100 at the tables
lost it at the bar
they'll throw the book,...

Onomatopoeia:
appreciative chuckle
clucked his tongue
Unit9 Mark Twain --- Mirror of America
Metaphor:

Mark Twain --- Mirror of America
saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...
main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart
the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States
All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...
Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsam
When railroads began drying up the demand...
...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...
Twain began digging his way to regional fame...
Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...
...took unholy verbal shots...

Simile:
Most American remember M. T. as the father of...
...a memory that seemed phonographic

Hyperbole:
...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...
The cast of characters... - a cosmos.

Parallelism:
Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.

Personification:
ife dealt him profound personal tragedies...
the river had acquainted him with ...
...to literature's enduring gratitude..
...an entry that will determine his course forever...
the grave world smiles as usual...
Bitterness fed on the man...
America laughed with him.
Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.

Antithesis:
...between what people claim to be and what they really are...
...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...
...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever

Euphemism:
...men's final release from earthly struggle

Alliteration:
...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home
...with a dash and daring...
...a recklessness of cost or consequences...

Metonymy:
...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe

Synecdoche
Keelboats,...carried the first major commerce

Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
Metaphor:
No one,... that may case would snowball into...
...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.
The street ...sprouted with ...
He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.
...champion had not scorched the infidels...
…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…

Simile:
...swept the arena like a prairie fire
...a palm fan like a sword...

Metonymy
...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers...
The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.

Hyperbole:
The trial that rocked the world

Ridicule:
Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ...
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.

Sarcasm:
There is some doubt about that.

Transferred epithet
Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.

Antithesis
The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.

Assonance:
when bigots lighted faggots to burn...

Repetition:
The truth always wins...the truth...the truth...

Pun:
Darwin is right --- inside.

Oxymoron:
Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat".
bitter sweet memories
proud humility
orderly chaos
a damned saint
an honourable villain.
Irony:
marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century

Metonymy
...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers...
The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.
Unit 11 But What's a Dictionary For?
Personification:

The storm...that greeted...
An article in the Atlantic viewed it as a disappointment...
The Yew York Times, ...felt it
The Journal ...saw...

Alliteration:
...very little light on Lincoln...on Life

Sarcasm:
a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life..
.."so simple" a thing that the writer takes plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a doo is a door and any damn fool knows that.

Assonance:
The difference between the much-touted ... and the much clouted ...

Synecdoche:
But neither his vanity nor his purse is ...
What of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges...

Metonymy
The Washington Post, ..."keep Your Old Webster's"
in short, ...written in the language that the 3rd International describes...

Zeugma:
the use of a word to modify or govern 2 or more words usu. In such a manner that it applies to each in different sense or makes sense with only one
The issue of New York Times …hail the Second as the authority… and the Third as a scandal…
To wage war and peace
With weeping eyes and hearts
Unit 13 Britannia Rues the Waves见课本归纳