学位论文-—多元系统论视角下文化负载词的翻译研究以杨必《名利场》为例.doc

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硕士学位论文
中文论文题目 多元系统论视角下文化负载词的翻译研究——以杨必《名利场》为例
英文论文题目： On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Yang Bi’s Vanity Fair—from the Perspective of Polysystem Theory
专业名称： 外国语言学及应用语言学
研究方向： 翻译理论与实践
所在学院： 外国语学院
论文提交日期 2013年5月
多元系统论视角下文化负载词的翻译研究
—以杨必《名利场》为例

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答辩日期： On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Yang Bi’s Version of Vanity Fair—from the Perspective of Polysystem Theory

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杭州师范大学硕士学位论文 多元系统论视角下文化负载词的翻译研究—以杨必《名利场》为例
On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Yang Bi’s Vanity Fair —from the Perspective of Polysystem Theory

多元系统论视角下文化负载词的翻译研究—以杨必《名利场》为例

Wang Min
Under the Supervision of Professor Zhu Yuefeng

Submitted to School of Foreign Languages, Hangzhou Normal University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Master of Arts

Hangzhou, China
May, 2013

On the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Yang Bi’s Vanity Fair —from the Perspective of Polysystem Theory

ABSTRACT
William Makepeace Thackery was an outstanding critical realistic English writer in the 19th century, Vanity Fair was his best-known masterpiece. In China, the translation of Vanity Fair can go back as far as the 1930s. In the year of 1934, Wu Guangjian started the translation and he used “浮华世界” as the name of the novel, However, the translation was only a part of the original based on Max Hegbrig’s excerpts from Vanity Fair. In the year 1957, Yang Bi translated the complete version of Vanity Fair and entitled it“名利场”. Of all these Chinese versions, Yang Bi’s version is considered as the best owing to her fluent language. From its birth in 1957, Yang Bi’s version of Vanity Fair had received a lot of attention and it was considered as “one of the most excellent translated novels in China”(Sun Zhili, 1996: 153). A lot of scholars have written highlights of Yang Bi’s version from different perspectives. However, most of these studies which are about commenting Vanity Fair are confined to the linguistic level, the translation features, the translation strategies adopted and the translation norms, and there has been little discussion on the translation of culture-loaded terms.
Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to explore the translation of culture-loaded words under the guidance of Polysystem Theory. The author is to carry out the analysis under the guidance of Polysystem Theory. At first, the author is to analyze the state of Chinese literature in the 1950s. Based on the analysis, Yang Bi’s translation strategies in the translation of culture-loaded words are to be discussed, and finally it is concluded that Yang Bi applies foreignizing strategy in her translation of culture-loaded words. The thesis aims to test the applicability of Polysystem Theory in literal translation so as to offer a new insight for literal translation.

Key Words: Polysystem Theory; Vanity Fair; culture-loaded words; translation strategy.

多元系统论视角下文化负载词的翻译研究—以杨必《名利场》为例
摘 要
萨克雷（William Thackeray）是英国十九世纪的批判现实主义小说家，《名利场》（Vanity Fair）是他的成名作。在我国，对《名利场》的译介最早可以追溯到20世纪三十年代。1934年，伍光建根据赫次堡的节选本将小说译为《浮华世界》。之后，国内又陆续出版了一些译本，其中以女翻译家杨必的译本最早得到读者和翻译界的认可。虽然以杨必翻译的《名利场》为题的文章不计其数，但是这些文章大多数是围绕杨必的翻译风格、采取的翻译策略或遵循的翻译标准而展开，而对于杨必《名利场》译本中出现的文化负载词的研究至今几乎仍然是空白。因此，本文试图在多元系统论的指导下，对杨必译本中的文化负载词翻译进行研究。文中作者首先分析了二十世纪五十年代中国文化的现状，通过分析得出在当时的中国文学中翻译文学占据了中心位置基于此分析，作者结合多元系统论对杨必在翻译文化负载词时所应用的翻译策略进行分析，通过分析得出杨必在翻译《名利场》中存在的文化负载词时基本采用了异化翻译的策略。文章试图检验多元系统论在文学翻译中的适用性并为文学翻译的研究提供一个新的视角。

关键字：多元系统论，名利场，文化负载词，翻译策略

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT II
摘要 IV
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Background of the Study 1
1.2 The Scope of the Study 3
1.3 The Organization of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 An Overview of Polysystem Theory 6
2.1.1 The Origin of Polysystem Theory 6
2.1.2 The Main Content of Polysystem Theory 6
2.2 Application of Polysystem Theory in Translation 13
2.3 The Significance of Polysystem Theory 17
CHAPTER THREE A STUDY OF CULTURE-LOADED WORDS 20
3.1 What Is Culture 20
3.2 The Definition and Classification of Culture-loaded Words 22
3.3 Difficulties in Translation of Culture-loaded Words 26
3.3.1 Cultural Differences 26
3.3.2 Linguistic Differences 28
3.3.3 Life Experience 28
3.4 Two Main Strategies in the Translation of Culture-loaded Words 29
3.4.1 Domestication 30
3.4.2 Foreignization 31
CHAPTER FOUR A STUDY OF CULTURE-LOADED WORDS IN YANG BI'S VERSION OF VANITY FAIR FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF POLYSYSTEM THEORY 34
4.1 An Introduction of Vanity Fair and Its Chinese Version 34
4.2 Analysis of the State of Chinese Literature in the 1950s 36
4.3Culture-loaded Words in Yang Bi’s Vanity Fair and Her Translation Strategies 38
4.3.1 Material Culture-loaded Words 38
4.3.2 Social Culture-loaded Words 41
4.3.3 Religious Culture-loaded Words 45
4.3.4 Linguistic Culture-loaded Words 49
4.4 Summary 51
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION 52
REFERENCES 55
中文参考文献 57
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 59

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杭州师范大学硕士学位论文 多元系统论视角下文化负载词的翻译研究—以杨必《名利场》为例
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Since the term “cultural turn” of Translation Studies, which was proposed by Snell-Hornby, was advocated by Bassnett and Lefevere, the school of Translation Studies began to cope with translation problems from their different cultural perspectives and formed different theories of translation studies. From then on, culture has become an indispensable element when dealing with translation problems. With the rapid development of economy and information technology, the whole world has been closely connected, and this can be reflected from such angles as politics, economy and culture. It is known to all that the language of one country is the carrier of its culture the differences existing in the culture of different countries can be found in language. Vocabulary is the basic elements of language, which carries a large amount of cultural information and can reflect social and cultural factors. Therefore, when English learners learn or use English, they should focus their eyesight not only on basic elements but on cultural factors. It is the same case for translators, during their translation process from one language to another, culture is the important factor on which they must put their emphasis, it is also the main element that could greatly affect the acceptability of translated works among target-language readers. As a matter of fact, language and culture are closely correlated, therefore, how to transfer the unique cultural information to the target readers has become an important problem to translators. Even-Zohar first put forward Polysystem Theory in his seminal paper “The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem” (Even-Zohar, 1990a), in which two interrelated hypotheses have been made: first, that the position assumed by translated literature in the literary polysystem tends to be a peripheral one except in three special cases, and second, that translation tends towards acceptability when it is at the periphery, and towards adequacy when it is at the center(Chang Namfung, 2007). Under the guidance of cultural norms of translation and Polysystem Theory, translating cultural-loaded words is becoming more and more important because it can help to promote mutual understanding and cross-cultural exchanges.
However, in China many translation studies are still confined to linguistic level, stylistic level and so on, few translation scholars put their focuses on cultural elements when introducing foreign literary works to Chinese readers.
There are so many languages in the world, and each language possesses its peculiar characteristics and concepts. Different cultural history can lead to cultural gap between different language-users. Cultural gap is the concept of words or expressions of one country failing to find their equivalent elements in another country because of cultural differences. Some unique words or expressions of different cultures will also cause misunderstanding in communication. On the other hand, as we all know, English falls into to the Indo-European language family while Chinese the Sino-Tibetan family. Thus when English literary works are introduced to Chinese readers, even though they are translated so fluently at linguistic level, but for the translation of some cultural terms, peculiar to its culture, may make Chinese readers puzzled owing to different cultural background. For Chinese translators, it is their inescapable responsibility to translate foreign literary works from the perspective both language and culture. However, due to the unique cultural connotations of those cultural terms existing in foreign literary works, their accurate translation poses a very difficult problem to the Chinese translators.
In this paper, the researcher intends to do some tentative research in this field. Through reviewing the historical background of the Chinese version of Vanity Fair, analyzing the state of Chinese literature and the position assumed by the translated literature in 1950s, the researcher is to put forward some practical strategies in dealing with the translation of culture-loaded words. These English culture-loaded words and expressions are the direct reflections of the unique features of English culture. However, the translation of these cultural terms is one of the most difficult points and major barriers in the English-Chinese translation and cross-cultural communication, and it is also the main reason to cause misunderstanding for Chinese readers. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the important issues concerned by translators and to put forward some feasible strategies to develop the strong points to display English culture in front of Chinese readers.

1.2 The Scope of the Study
This paper focuses on the translation of culture-loaded words under the guidance of Polysystem Theory from the perspective of the relationship between culture and translation. The theme that culture is closely related to language and exerts great influence on the translation of cultural terms has been highlighted in the paper. Two reasons can be put forward to support this. For the first reason, due to the different experiences, cultures and cultural backgrounds, communications and information exchanges are surely to be affected. For the other reason, the language of one country derived from its own history, so it is also the reflection of its cultural differences. As a result, translation is inevitable, and plays an important role in cross-cultural communication, it is not only a linguistic transfer but also a cultural transfer, because there are different religious beliefs, different ways of life and value outlooks, special living surroundings and unique traditional customs in people using different languages. Through long historical development and changes, each ethnic group has formed its unique features of culture. These unique cultural features lead to the differences in both conceptual and associative meanings of culture-loaded words and expressions. As the cultural elements are becoming more and more important during the translation process between two languages, translators must show great sensitiveness for the barriers caused by cultural differences in translation and work out efficient solutions.
Nida points out that “most of the translation errors occur not from the patterns of the complex grammar but from misunderstanding of the source culture (1964)”. When a translator translates literary works from one language into another one, he/she has to take lexical equivalence into consideration in the first place, so the render of culture-loaded words and expressions becomes the most difficult and important one for them. In this paper, the researcher studies the translation of culture-loaded words existing in Vanity Fair from the perspective of Polysystem Theory, and by analyzing the state of Chinese literature in 1950s and the strategies employed by Yang Bi when she translated the culture-loaded words in Vanity Fair, the researcher aims to discuss the following two questions:
1. Which translation strategies will be employed during the translation of culture-loaded words?
2. Under Polysystem Theory, which method is the preferable one for the translation of culture-loaded words among domestication and foreignization？

1.3 The Organization of the Study
This paper aims to study culture-loaded lexemes and their translation approaches under Polysystem Theory. It mainly consists of five chapters. Chapter One mainly clarifies the significance of the study firstly by introducing the historical development of translation theory and major translation thoughts in western countries, and then focusing on the concerning subjects connected: Polysystem Theory, the accurate render of cross-culture elements in translation, culture-loaded words and its translation. In Chap