2022高考英语一轮总复习-语法专题突破-专题一-名词和冠词学案北师大版.doc

2022高考英语一轮总复习 语法专题突破 专题一 名词和冠词学案北师大版

2022高考英语一轮总复习 语法专题突破 专题一 名词和冠词学案北师大版

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语法专题突破
专题一　名词和冠词
核心考点课堂突破　
高考感悟
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)The far side of the moon is of particular 　　　　　(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山). 
2.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Filled with 　　　　　(curious),the artist packed his bags and left. 
3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The plum trees are 　　　　　first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). 
4.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Historical 　　　　　(accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 
5.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a 　　　　　(believe) that populations are increasing. 
6.(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 　　　　　(compete) to watch,together with the story behind it. 
7.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)Of 　　　　　nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data. 
8.(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)She said,“We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward.When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was 　　　　　joke...” 
9.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)Unexpectedly,I’m face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at 　　　　  top of her lungs. 
10.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 　　　　　past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent. 
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. 　　　　　 
2.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together. 　　　　　 
3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Luckily,I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations. 　　　　　 
4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)My mom is really concerned with the health of everyone in our families. 　　　　　 
5.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)To everyone’s surprising,the ball went into the net. 　　　　　 

6.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly,saying that I had a talent for football. 　　　　　 
7.(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)Since I was a kid,I’ve considered different job I would like to do. 　　　　　 
8.(2019·全国Ⅱ卷)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. 　　　　　 
9.(2019·全国Ⅰ卷)Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me. 　　　　　 
10.(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style. 　　　　　 
考点归纳
考点一　名词的数
1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
规则
例词
一般在词尾加-s
map—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls,day—days
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
class—classes,box—boxes,watch—watches,dish—dishes
以-f或
-fe结尾
的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,half—halves,loaf—loaves,wife—wives,shelf—shelves
加-s
belief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,proof—proofs,roof—roofs
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es
party—parties,family—families,story—stories,city—cities
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
toy—toys,boy—boys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
一般加-es
hero—heroes,potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano—pianos,photo—photos,kilo—kilos
两者皆可
zero—zeros/zeroes
volcano—volcanos/volcanoes
mosquito—mosquitos/mosquitoes

续　表　　
规则
例词
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio—radios,bamboo—bamboos,zoo—zoos
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth—truths,mouth—mouths,month—months,path—paths

(2)不规则变化
规则
例词
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse—mice
单复数相同
species,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,li,yuan,jin
只有复数形式
ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people,police,cattle,staff
部分集体名词既可以做单数(整体)也可以做复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件,报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
表示
“某国
人”
加-s
Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen,Frenchwomen
合成
名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers,men servants

2.不可数名词
(1)一般情况
用法
词尾不能加-s,做主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式
类别
包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词
例词
fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission,practice,thought,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,wood,English,America

(2)特殊情况
[C]可数、[U]不可数含义不同
work工作[U],作品、著作[C]
glass玻璃[U],杯子[C],眼镜[pl.]
room空间[U],房间[C]
paper纸[U],报纸、文件、试卷[C]
抽象名词
具体化
beauty美、美丽[U],beauty美人、美丽的东西[C]
experience经验[U],experience经历[C]
surprise吃惊、惊奇[U],surprise令人吃惊的人或事[C]
pleasure愉快、高兴[U],pleasure乐事、乐趣[C]
pride骄傲[U],pride令人骄傲的人或事[C]
reality实际[U],reality实现的事、现实[C]
honor荣誉、信誉[U],honor光荣的人或事[C]
success成功[U],success成功的人或事[C]
failure失败[U],failure失败的人或事[C]
comfort安危、舒适[U],comfort令人安慰的人或事[C]
promise希望、前途、出息[U],promise允诺、诺言[C]
danger危险[U],danger可能引起危险的人或物[C]
attraction 吸引[U],attraction 有吸引力的人或事物[C]

考点二　名词的所有格
1.’s所有格的构成
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father,Jack’s book,her son-in-law’s photo
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room,the twins’ mother
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s toys,women’s rights
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’ novels,Charles’s job,the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems,Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan and America’s problems,Jane and Mary’s father
表示“某人家”“店铺”,所有格后名词省略
the doctor’s,the barber’s,the tailor’s,my uncle’s

2.’s所有格的用法
表示时间
today’s newspaper,five weeks’ holiday
表示自然现象
the earth’s atmosphere,the tree’s branches
表示国家、城市等地方的名词
the country’s plan,the world’s population,China’s industry
表示工作群体
the ship’s crew,the majority’s view,the team’s victory

续　表　　
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s journey,five dollars’ worth of apples
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
the life’s time,the play’s plot
某些固定词组
a bird’s eye view(鸟瞰,俯视),a stone’s throw(很短的距离,不远处),at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)

3.of所有格的用法
用于无生命的东西
the legs of the chair,the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时
the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词
the struggle of the oppressed

考点三　不定冠词a/an的用法
1.一般情况
指一类人或事,相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
第一次提及某人、某物
A boy is waiting for you.
表示“每一”,相当于every,one
We study eight hours a day.
表示“相同”,相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.
用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
A Mr Smith came to visit you when you were out.
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后
This room is rather a big one.
用于so (as,too,how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

2.固定搭配
all of a sudden突然;as a matter of fact事实上;once a week每周一次;at a loss不知所措,茫然;be on a visit参观,拜访;be/go on a diet节食;give sb.a lift让某人搭便车;have a gift for...在……方面有天赋;have a good time玩得开心;have a word with...与……谈话;in a hurry匆忙地;in a way从某种意义上说;make a living谋生;take a walk散步;take an interest in...对……感兴趣;take/have a rest休息一会儿;a couple of两三个; a bit一点; once upon a time从前;many a time许多次
考点四　定冠词the
1.一般情况
表示某一类人或物
The horse is a useful animal.
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
用于乐器前面
play the violin,play the guitar
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the rich,the living,the wounded

续　表　　
表示“一家人”或“夫妇
the Greens,the Wangs
用于序数词或形容词、副词比较级、最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
用于国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前
the United States,the Communist Party of China,the West Lake
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The compass was invented in China.
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990s
用于表示单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
用于方位名词、身体部位名词以及表示时间的词组前
He patted me on the shoulder.

2.固定搭配
at the moment此刻,目前;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说一下;on the spot当场;make the best/most of...充分利用……;in the distance在远处;in the end最终;in the habit of有……的习惯;the other day前几天;on the one hand...,on the other hand...一方面……,另一方面……;to the point中肯,切题
考点五　零冠词
1.一般情况
专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前
Peking University,Jack,China,love,air
名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制
I want this book,not that one./ Whose purse is this?
季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前
March,Sunday,National Day,spring
表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
学科、语言、球类、棋类名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
by train,by air,by land
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband and wife,knife and fork,day and night
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.

2.固定搭配
in fact事实上;for example例如;in danger在危险中;with pleasure高兴地;in time及时;in fear恐惧地;at work在上班;at dinner在吃饭;after school放学后;at first起初;at last最终;by hand手工做的;pay attention to注意;set fire to放火;take pride in以……为豪;take care of照顾;take office就职;take part in参加;in town在城里;keep...in mind牢记;in trouble处在麻烦中;on foot步行;leave word留言;on time按时;catch sight of看见;do harm to对……有害;lose weight减肥

专项训练巩固提升　
Ⅰ.单句填空
1So it was 　　　　　honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base,where ticket money helps pay for research. 
2.　　　　　(apology) of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. 
3.However,the railway quickly proved to be 　　　　　great success. 
4.The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials,the rest of which were saved for other 　　　　　(purpose). 
5.The east side of their stems grows faster during 　　　　　day,causing the stems to gradually bend from east to west. 
6.John Dewey,an American psychologist,once said that gaining others’ respect is 　　　　　deepest urge in human nature. 
7.A hundred years ago,　　　　　(explorer) at that time were taking a tremendous risk in approaching the cold wonderland on the southernmost tip of the planet. 
8.In fact,figuring out who will get the bill is always 　　　　　headache for the Chinese at formal meals. 
9.As Chinese economy develops very fast and plays 　　　　　important role in the world,more and more foreigners learn Mandarin in Confucius Institutes. 
10.Chinese people are becoming richer and more international.What has not changed is their 　　　　　(stomach). 
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.She has taught us a lot of English knowledges and how to be a good citizen. 　　　　　 
2.China has made a great progress in developing its space industry. 　　　　　 
3.I spent a hour every day taking exercise in order to lose weight. 　　　　　 
4.It was useful experience for all of us,which I’ll never forget for the rest of my life,and which I’ll always treasure. 　　　　　 
5.With no time for the breakfast,I rushed out of my house. 　　　　　 
6.I suddenly found that Lin Ling,one of my classmate,worked as a waitress there. 　　　　　 
7.From this lesson,we came to conclusion that it was not so difficult to learn English if we could find a good way. 　　　　　 
8.For example,businessmen are more likely to travel by plane or high-speed train to save time while office worker tend to take buses or drive to work themselves. 　　　　　 
9.Last year,my families and I went camping in the countryside.It was one of the exciting experiences I had ever had. 　　　　　 
10.I hope my advices can help you improve your health. 　　　　　 
Ⅲ.语法填空
Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1.　　　　　 different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2.　　　　　 shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3.　　　　　(problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4.　　　　　 problems.They can do it with 5.　　　　　(computer).In 6.　　　　　 past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”.An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7. place of 8.　　　　　 human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9.　　　　　(question) of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10.　　　　　(treat) is needed. 
Ⅳ.短文改错
Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for over a hour.After lunch,I went into my room to have rest.The air was hot,and all was quiet.Then a strong wind started to blow into my room.Pieces of papers on my desk flew high into the air and some flew out of the only open window.As I ran out to catch them,big drop of rain began to fall.When I came back into my house,it was raining the harder and harder.I tried very hard to close the windows.Then I heard the loudly crashing(碰撞的)sound from the back of the houses.I ran out of my room to find out what had happened: a big tree had fallen down and broken a top of the back room.

专题一　名词和冠词
核心考点·课堂突破
高考感悟
Ⅰ.1.interest　2.curiosity　3.the　4.accuracy　5.belief　petition　7.the　8.a　9.the　10.the
Ⅱ.1.chopstick→chopsticks　2.在pan后加the　3.vacations→vacation
4.families→family　5.surprising→surprise　6.player→players
7.job→jobs　8.city→cities　9.在football前加a　10.an→a
专项训练·巩固提升
Ⅰ.1.an　2.Apologies　3.a　4.purposes　5.the　6.the　7.explorers
8.a　9.an　10.stomachs
Ⅱ.1.knowledges→knowledge　2.去掉made后的a　3.a→an
4.useful前加a　5.去掉the　6.classmate→classmates
7.conclusion前加a　8.worker→workers　9.families→family
10.advices→advice　
Ⅲ.1.a　2.the　3.problems　4.the　puters　6.the　7.the
8.a　9.questions　10.treatment
Ⅳ.　　Last Sunday I saw worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for over hour.After lunch,I went into my room to have rest.The air was hot,and all was quiet.Then a strong wind started to blow into my room.Pieces of on my desk flew high into the air and some flew out of the only open window.As I ran out to catch them,big of rain began to fall.When I came back into my house,it was raining
the
harder and harder.I tried very hard to close the .Then I heard loudly crashing(碰撞的)sound from the back of the .I ran out of my room to find out what had happened: a big tree had fallen down and broken top of the back room.