初中英语句子结构分析.doc

初中英语句子结构模块一：句子结构【重点】一、词性的概念：英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。共有十类：名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词,名就是名称-人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称:人名-Mike, Li Ming;地名America, China动物名-pig, dog;植物名-tree, wheat。抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意), victory(胜利), knowledge(知识). 2、代词，何谓“代”？即是替代的意思，主要是来替代名词，所以说名词和代词关系是很近的，或者说代词的实质就是名词，正是这种血液关系，绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起的作用是一样的。代词，从英语词汇的整体来看数量并不多。 3、动词,动就是动作-人的五官动作: walk, jump, swim;人的大脑动作(心理活动): think, imagine。也有些动词是表示静止的，如：am，is，are。4、形容词，我们在谈论人或物时，常说：“你描述一下是什么样子。”你就要用上：tall（高的），short矮的），black（黑的），white（白的）这些词往往是修饰名词，它们就是形容词。5、副词，说人行走得快慢，讲话清楚，在英语里就要用quickly（快地），slowly（慢地），clearly（清楚地）这些词往往来修饰动词。它们就是副词。副词很多是从形容词加ly构成的，所以看单词词尾是否有ly是判断是否是副词的一种方法，但是词尾是ly的也不一定都是副词，可能是形容词，不过只有少量的单词（常见的有likely，friendly lovely，lonely，weekly，monthly，yearly）,这几个单词需要加强记忆，也不就是几个单词特殊嘛，不过考试往往就考特殊的，你要小心才是呀！ 6、介词，英语用词里介词也属于难缠的一个。因为它涉及方面广，而且变化多端，往往令人捉摸不定，记起来很麻烦。别怕别怕，大部份介词都不难理解，比较令人头痛的只是下列几个at, by, to,in,for,of,on,from,with，其中又以at, by, in, on为四大“要犯！学习介词就是要抓住这几要犯，还要提醒你的是，介词同名词“关系”最好，是“铁”哥们，所以往往你见到介词的地方你就会见到名词,而且还有一个词类往往和他们两个往往在一起，那就是冠词，他们三个形成一个“小集团”。 7、连词，如果我们想把单词与单词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来就要用连词。连词不能单独作句子成分，只能和其他词类一起作句子成分。常见的连词有：and, but, or, both . and, neither.nor, not only .but also, when,where, before, after, if 等等 8、冠词，英语中只有三个词：aan (不定冠词)the (定冠词)，简单来说，不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指，冠词与名词关系紧密，一般是放在名词之前。定冠词也不能单独做主语宾语等等什么啦，只能和其他词类结合作句子成分。 9、数词，顾名思义，跟数字有关的词就是数词，英语中的数词有两种，基数词和序数词。基数词，比如：one two, three, four, five, six, seven等等，序数词，比如：first, second, third, fourth, fifth 等等。 10、感叹词，主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情的，比如：oh, ah, well等等，这一词类在十大词类中并不重要，了解即可。二、简单的五种基本句型：1、S(主）+ Vi（不及物动词）（谓语）主动结构例如：Time flies.1）S + V +副词（状语）例如：Birds singbeautifully.2）S + Vi +介词短语（状语）例如：He went onholiday.3）S + Vi +不定式（状语）例如：We stopped tohave a rest.4）S + Vi +分词（状语）例如：Ill goswimming.2、S (主）+ Vt（及物动词）（谓语）+ O（宾语）主动宾结构例如：We likeEnglish.1）S + Vt +名词/代词例如：I like music.2）S + Vt +不定式例如：I want tohelp him.说明常用于这句型的动词有：decide, hope, learn,need, promise, want,等。3）S + Vt +疑问词+不定式例如：I dont knowwhat to do.说明常用于这句型的动词有：ask, decide, find out, forget, know等。4）S + Vt +动名词例如：I enjoyliving here.说明常用于这句型的动词有：advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise等。5）S + Vt +宾语从句例如：I dont think(that) he is right.说明常用于这句型的动词有：hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。【难点】3、S (主）+ V（谓语）(系动词）+ P（表语）主系表结构例如：We areChinese.说明.除了be系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，表感官的动词，feel, smell,taste, sound, look, seem等。表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn,go,等。表延续的动词keep, seem等。表瞬时的动词come, fall等。.表语也就是主语的补足语。1）S + V +名词/代词例如：He is a boy.2）S + V +形容词例如：She isbeautiful.3）S + V + Adv副词例如：Class isover.4）S + V +介词短语例如：He is in goodhealth.5）S + V+分词例如：He isexcited. 4、S (主）+ Vt（谓语）+ In O（间接宾语）+ D O（直接宾语）主动双宾结构例如：I give youhelp.1）S + Vt +间接宾语+直接宾语例如：I sent him abook. 2）S + Vt +直接宾语+ To/for +间接宾语例如：He sent abook to me. 说明间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有：bring, give,lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。间接宾语前需要加for的常用动词有：buy, get,make等。【难点】5、S (主）+ Vt（谓语）+ O（宾语）+ O C（宾语补足语）主动宾补结构例如：I make youclear.强调宾语和宾语补足语之间通常具有逻辑主谓关系。1）S + Vt +宾语+名词例如：We named ourbaby Tom.说明常用于这句型的动词有：call, find, make, name等。2）S + Vt +宾语+形容词例如：He paintedthe wall white.说明常用于这句型的动词有：cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。3）S + Vt +宾语+介词短语例如：She alwayskeeps everything in good order.4）S + Vt +宾语+不定式例如：I wish you tostay. 说明常用于这句型的动词有：不定式带to的词：ask, invite,tell, want, warn, wish等。不定式不带to的词：have, know,let, make, notice, see, watch等。5）S + Vt +宾语+分词例如：I heard myname called（表示被动）.I feelsomething moving（表示进行）.说明常用于这句型的动词有：notice, observe, see, watch等。6）S + Vt +宾语+疑问词+不定式例如：He show mehow to do it.说明常用于这句型的动词有：ask, show, teach, tell等。【巩固练习】（一）基础题：1判断下列各句的基本结构。 1）Mr. Black isEnglish. _ 2）The teachertaught us some new words. _ 3）The farmer ispicking the apples. _ 4）Thetemperature dropped. _ 5）They turnedto the right. _ 6）I would like to be your pen-friend. _7）I have short black hair and browneyes. _ 8）I alsoenjoy playing chess. _ 9）I have abrother called Edwin. _ 10）Myambition is to be an engineer. _2句子成分判断：A.指出下列句中主语的中心词1）Theteacherwith two of his students is walking into the classroom.2）Thereis an oldmancoming here.3）Theusefuldictionarywas given by my mother lastyear.4）To do todays homeworkwithout the teachers help is very difficult.5）Thegoodomenof his birth was destined to changehis fortune.B.选出句中谓语的中心词1）Idont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall2）Thedays get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B. longer C.days D. summer3）Doyou usually go to school by bus?A.Do B. usually C. go D. bus4）Therewill be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. thelibrary D. afternoon5）Didthe twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B.twins C. have D. breakfastC.挑出下列句中的宾语1）Mybrotherhasntdonehis homework.A B C D2）Peoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish.A B C D3）Youmust paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.A B C D4）Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?A B C D5）Theydidnt knowwhoFatherChristmas really is.A B C DD.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语1）Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room.A B C D2）Heaskedhertotake the boyout of school.A B C D3）Shefounditdifficultto do the work.A B C D4）TheycallmeLilysometimes.A B C D5）Did you seeLi Mingplayingfootballon the playgroundjust now?A B C DE.划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语1)）Pleasetellus a story.2）Myfather boughta new bikeformelast week.3）Mr.Li is going to teachus historynext term.4）Hereis a pen. GiveittoTom.5）Didhe leaveany messageforme. 参考答案：1、1）SVC 2)SVOO 3)SVO 4)SV 5)SV 6)SVO 7)SVO 8)SVO 9)SVOC 10)SVC（二）提高题：I.指出下列各句中斜体词的词性，并将句子译成汉语。1. The driverbackedthe car out of thegarage.2. The man wasfined20 dollars forsmoking in the theatre.3. Youve done a pretty good job.4. The boy asked the actorspresenttosign their names in his notebook.5. In the darkness weinchedagainst thewall.6. We walked about the school campus during thebreak.7. There was aburstof laughter in theclassroom.8. The climber bought a lot ofcannedfood.9. These medicines will beshippedto anAfrican country.10. The lady put the fish dish at the window tocoolit.11. Harrislearned how tomilka cow.12. The crops are growing badly in suchdryweather.13. The wastebasket has beenemptied.14. Too muchfatis bad for ones health.15. A new plan hasformedin his mind.16. The girl has agiftfor language learning.17. The rain saved us the trouble towatertheflowers.18. They had a goodlaughover the story.19. The ownernamedhis coffee shopDream.20. The hall canseatabout one thousandpeople.21. The robber wassentencedto death.22. His debttotaled 20,000.23. They satstill,with their eyes fixedon the teacher.24. We looked at the eagle flyinghighinthe sky.25. Is hehomealready?26. The old man likes towalkhis dogafter breakfast.27. She haslongedto have a room of herown.28. Some roadsignswere set up along thehighway.29. Nancystopped to have asmoke.30. Ibookedtwo tickets beforehand.II.指出下列各句的基本结构。1. Mr Black is English.2. The teacher taught us some grammar rules.3. The farmer dug up the soil.4. She found her ring lost.5. She left her job unfinished.6. The great poet lived in the 18th century.7. She introduced her friends to us. 8. The tape-recorder is on the desk.9. The guests have just arrived.10. She laid the baby on the bed.参考答案：答案：I1、司机把汽车倒出车库。2、那人因为在剧场内抽烟被罚款20美元。3、你工作干得很好。4、孩子请在场的演员在他的笔记本上签名。5、黑暗中我们倚墙慢慢移动。6、休息时我们在校园散步。7、教室里爆发出一阵哄笑声。8、登山者买了许多罐头食品。9、这些药品将船运到某非洲国家。10、女士把烧好的鱼放在靠窗处凉一下。11、哈里斯学会了如何挤奶。12、在这么干旱的天气里庄家长势很差。13、废纸篓已被倒空。14、过多的脂肪对人体健康有害。15、一个新的计划在他的头脑中形成了。16、这女孩有学习语言的天赋。17、这场雨省去了我们浇花的麻烦。18、他们听了故事开怀大笑。19、店主将他的咖啡馆取名为“梦”。20、这会场能容纳约1000人的座位。21、抢劫者被判处死刑。22、他的债务总计两万英镑。23、他们坐着不动，眼睛盯着老师。24、我们看着鹰在天空翱翔。25、他已经回家了。26、老人喜欢早餐后遛狗。27、她渴望有自己的房间。28、公路沿线竖起了一些路牌。29、南希停下来抽烟。30、我事先预定了两张票。II.1.SVC 2.SVOO 3. SVO 4.SVOC 5.SVOC6.SV 7.SVOO 8.SVC 9.SV 10.SVO【重点】（作为一个专门模块分析）二、复合句：1、宾语从句