高考英语简单句的五种基本句型讲解及练习题.doc

简单句的五种基本句型讲解及练习题一、句子成份英语句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，表语，定语，状语等。 顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。 1、主语：表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）What we are going to do has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 2、谓语：谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。1)简单谓语： We study for the people. 2)复合谓语： I can speak a little English. We are reading books. He has gone to Beijing.3、表语: 它位于系动词(比如be)之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。My sister is a nurse.Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The ruler must be in your box.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 4、宾语: 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，We like English.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）It began to rain.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink. 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如： We make him our monitor(班长).5、宾补: 就是宾语补足语，就是补充说明宾语的 I see you crossing the street His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted（涂漆） their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh（新鲜的） air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）6、定语: 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 He is a new student. 但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room/over there/ is mine.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing（发展中） country; America is a developed（发达） country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His progress（进步）in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor（班长） is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）He is reading an article(文章) about how to learn English.（介词短语） 7、状语: 修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 He lives in London. Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is sorry to trouble(麻烦) you.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Once（一旦0 you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. His job is to train swimmers.5. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.6. His wish is to become a scientist.7. Hewants to finish the work in time.8. Tom came to ask me for advice（建议）.9. He found it important to master English.10. Do you have anything else to say?11. Would you please tell me your address?12. He sat there, reading a newspaper.13. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.14. He noticed（注意到） a man enter the room.15. The apples tasted sweet.简单句的五种基本句型英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：S十V主谓结构 主语 不及物动词S十V十P主系表结构 主语 连系动词 表语S十V十O主谓宾结构 主语 及物动词 宾语S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 基本句型一：S十V主谓结构 讲解 (1)不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。(2) 不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等。(3) 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如：The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词) The professor began his speech directly. (及物动词)The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them. (第一个sell为不及物动词，而第二个是及物动词)。主语和不及物动词(短语)是组成本句型不可缺少的必要成分。在实际运用中,不及物动词往往与副词、介词及其它相关成分有相对稳定的搭配关系。常见的不及物动词有appear apologize arrive argue agree belong come die disappear exist fall happen occur take place rise go get fail feel fight look live look listen work study prove remain rest seem stand stay succeed turn turn out等等。练习 1. 指出划线部分动词的词性，是及物动词还是不及物动词。(1) Speak aloud so that everyone can follow you. ( )(2) Besides Japanese, he can also speak Spanish. ( )(3) His father used to work hard to make much money. ( )(4) I intended to lie to him, but failed. ( )(5) Unfortunately, I failed the driving test. ( )2. 在每一空格上填上恰当的介词。(1) I dont agree _ you completely. I have my own opinion.(2) The dictionary is not Toms. It belongs _ me.(3) Use your head, and you will think _ some ways to solve the problem.(4) To improve my English, I work hard _ it.(5) Look _ the cloudy sky! It is going to rain.3. 1）My head_.（ache）我头疼。2）The students _（listen） 学生们正在听。3) _.我们努力学习。4)Theredsun_intheeast.（rise）一轮红日从东方升起。5)TheSecondWorldWar_in1939.（breakout）1939年爆发了第二次世界大战。6)Theboy_thewindow.(look)那个男孩朝窗外看去。7) 她再次向我道歉。 _ (apologize)8)事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _ 9) 我们的英语老师教得很好。_10) 五年前宋杰住在合肥。_ 11) 一天,她欢快地走进我的房间。 _ Key：1. 不及物动词：(1)、(3)、(4)； 及物动词：(2)、(5)。2. (1) (5) with, to, up, at, at补充: 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。 常见的能带同源宾语的动词有lead live die sleep dream breathe smile laugh fight run sing等。例如：4. Under the leadership of the Party the peasants lead a happy life.5. I dreamed a terrible dream last night. 6. Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August. 7. He died a glorious death. 基本句型二:S十V十P主系表结构常见的系动词有：be(是)； get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎)说明：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。1.系动词的三种分类：在初中阶段，我们学过的表示“保持或状态”类的有（1）表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound. （2）表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand. （3）表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow. 1) We should _ _ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持安静。2) 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_.3) Spring comes. It is _. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。4) Dont have the food. _.不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。5） The fact _ _. 这个事实证明是正确的。2.可以充当表语的有形容词、名词、副词(短语)、介词短语、表语从句、分词(短语)等。例如：1）In order to _（保持健康）, he takes exercise everyday. (形容词作表语)2）In my mind, mother is_. （我的英雄）(名词作表语)3）Look! Your pet dog is_.（在那） (副词作表语)4）The schoolbags comein different sizes. (介词短语作表语)5）Youve changed a lot. You are not what you were. (表语从句作表语)6）Many passengers _（受伤） in the accident. (过去分词作表语)7）The machine_（持续/保持运转） for a long time. （现在分词短语作表语）Keys：1.1）keep silent 2） the food tastes terrible 3） warmer andwarmer 4）it goes bad 5） proves right2.1）keep healthy 2） my hero3） there 6）got injured 7） keeps running ￥使用系动词应注意的地方：第一，没有被动语态；第二，一般没有进行时(除了feel以外)；第三，有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等。第四，非谓语一般用现在分词(这一点仅作了解，高中阶段将涉及。)例如：After two-days treatment, he felt well again. (不用was felt)He remains an excellent engineer in the factory. (不用 is remained)比较以下句子：The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson.(keeps是系动词，而kept是及物动词)We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now. (grew是及物动词，而grow是系动词)Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth. (第一个felt是及物动词，而第二个是系动词)练习 选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。(1) I _(remain / keep / stay) a nurse while he has _(turn / become) engineer.(2) Put the meat in the refrigerator (冰箱). It _ (go / get / turn / become) bad easily.(3) What he said _(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable.(4) He feels _(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office.(5) We do morning exercises to _(keep / turn / become) healthy.(6) The apple _(tastes / is tasted) sweet. (7) Please keep _(安静); The baby has fallen _(睡着).(8) They work day and night to make their dream come _(实现).Key: (1) (4) remain, turned; goes; sounds; comfortable (5) (8) keep; tastes; quiet, asleep; true基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。a.及物动词+副词，b.不及物动词+介词。1.含有away,out,forward,up等副词的动词词组是可拆分的。如， Theycarriedouttheplansuccessfully.我们还可以说， Theycarriedtheplanoutsuccessfully.但我们只能说 Astheplanwaspractical,theycarrieditoutsuccessfully. 动副词组都可以这样用，如，pointout（指出）,carryout（执行）,putforward（提出）,workout（做出，算出）,findout（找出）,giveup（放弃）,giveaway（赠送，分发）,pickup（拣起）,putup（挂上）,等。 2.而含有介词at,for,from,into,of,with,to等的动介词组是不可拆分的。如，lookafter（照顾）,lookat（瞧）,lookfor（寻找）,belongto（属于）,referto（参考，提及）,thinkof（考虑，评价）,sendfor（派人去请）,carefor（喜欢）,sufferfrom（受之苦）,dealwith(对付，应付),objectto（反对）,payfor（付的钱）,等。即我们只能说thinkofit,不能说thinkitof. in在动词词组中用作副词，表示“在里面”，“往里进”，“在家”等意思。如，getin(收割),handin（提交，交进）。 用作介词，表示“在地点”，“在范围”，“在方面”。如，persistin(坚持)，succeedin(在成功)。 Off在动词词组中用作副词，表示“关闭”，“隔离，离开”，“去掉”，等意思。如，turnoff（关掉）,switchoff（关掉）,ringoff（挂断电话）,keepoff（远离）,takeoff(脱掉）,kickoff（踢脱）,carryoff（运走）,putoff（推迟）,payoff（付清）,giveoff（放出). 用作介词，表示“从下来”。如，getoff（下车）,falloff（从掉下来）. On在动词词组中用作副词，表示“开”，“走开”，“传递”，“穿戴”。如，turnon(开),moveon（走开）,passon（传递）,puton（穿上）,haveon（穿着）. 用作介词，表示“在上”，“在方面”。如，workon（从事于）,operateon（在上动手术）,agreeon（同意）。 表示“上车，上船，上”,如,geton（上车，上船）,rideon（骑上）。 表示“依靠”，“以为基础”，“按照”，如，dependon（依靠）,baseon（以为基础）,feedon（以为食）,liveon（以为生计）. Over在动词词组中用作副词，表示“翻转”，“翻倒”，如，turnover（打翻，翻倒）,pushover（推倒）. 表示“过一遍”，“仔细”，“遍及”，如，thinkover（仔细考虑）,lookover（仔细查看，研究）. 用作介词，表示“从上越过”，如，flyover（从上飞过）,jumpover（从上跳过）.goover(越过，横过)。 表示“为了”，“由于”，如，quarrelover（为争吵）,cryover（因哭泣）. 表示“查看”，“复习”，“检查”，如，goover（检查，复习）. 附：许多由及物动词+名词+介词构成的三词动词词组也要跟宾语，如： payattentionto（注意）,catchholdof（抓住，握住）,catchsightof（看见，发现）,doharmto（对有害）,getridof（排除，除去）,makefunof（取笑，嘲笑）,put(ones)heartinto（专心于）,sayhelloto（打招呼）,singpraisefor（赞扬，表扬）,takecareof（照顾）,takepartin（参加）,takepridein（以自豪，骄傲）。练习 划出以下句子的主、谓、宾部分。如：Doing morning exercises benefits our health.(1) I wrote a passage last night.(2) I doubt whether he will join us in the debate.(3) We missed going to college for that reason.(4) What he said touched me greatly.(5) 我昨天看了一部电影。_. (6) You place me in a difficult situation._。 (7)They finally managed to get along with us. _。 (8) They have _ _ _ of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。 (9)I dont like being treated like this._。 基本句型四: S十V十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构 常用的能接双宾语的及物动词 有：give,tell，teach,buy,lend,find,hand,leave,sell, send show,read,pay,make,offer,build,pass,bring,cook,wish，write，refuse等间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有： buy, choose, make, order, paint, play(演奏)， sing,等。 练习 在每一空格上填上一个恰当的介词。(1) Mother bought a birthday cake _me.(2) Give another apple_her. She likes it.(3) The company will provide some drinks _ the volunteers.(1) (3) for; to; for4）Yesterday her father _ _ _ _ as a birthday present. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。5) The old man _ _ _ _ _ in the Long March.(正在给孩子们讲故事)这种句型还可转换为： 动词 直接宾语 for/ to sb. 20) Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _. 请把你的画给我看一下。 I _ _the salt. = I _the salt _ _.he teacher offered some advice on learning English to us.老师给我们一些学英语的建议The singer sang another song for us.这位歌手唱了另一首歌给我们听1.Johnson先生去年教我们德语。 2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3.Mary把钱包交给校长了。 4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5. 新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。6.这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。 7.我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 基本句型五: S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。call（叫）, choose（选）, find（发现）, make, name, (命名)1）Keep _, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。2）They painted _ _ _. 他们把门漆成绿色。 3）We must _ _ _ _.我们必须保持我们的学校洁。 4）He asked me _ _ _ soon. 他要我早点回来。5）我们发现他是一个懒惰的人。_.注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：6）The boss _ _ _ all day. (迫使他劳动) 7）We saw _ _ _. (他出去)。接不定式作宾语的动词有:agree ,choose,decide,forget,hope,learn,want,wish,would like等.不定式作宾语补足语有三种类型1、“动词+宾语+（not） to do”advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,teach,tell,want,warn等接不定式作宾补的36个常用动词advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事ask sb. to do sth. 请（叫）某人做某事bear sb. to do sth. 忍受某人做某事beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事drive sb. to do sth. 驱使某人做某事elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事intend sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事mean sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事oblige sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事teach sb. to do sth. 教某人做某事tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人