第一讲-高中英语阅读理解-事实细节题.doc

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第1讲 事实细节题

细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解中占比重最大的一类题型, 这类题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。主要针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问, 可能只针对文章中某一特定的细节, 也可能涉及若干个细节。
【考纲解读】
1.从近几年实施细节题的考查来看，不仅是数量增加，而且难度也稍有增加，表现为：答案需要跨段落搜集信息；题目设置顺序与全文顺序不一致；题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。
2.以考查语言运用能力为主，考查语言知识为辅，考查的侧重点将向语篇能力的运用方面倾斜，要求考生运用自己的综合能力和知识结构去解题。
【命题规律】
考查理解文章主要细节的试题，命题人一般都是通过对文章细节加以改写来考查准确理解细节的能力。
细节题有可能是直接理解题，但多数情况下是间接理解题。要求在理解的基础上，通过思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化，比如计算，排序，选图等。
【命题趋势】
事实细节题呈增多趋势。题目将由简单的寻找信息转向多层次细节推理综合，答案需要跨段落搜集信息，单纯考查事实细节的题不太多。
【常考点清单】
1.Which of the following is true/false/mentioned?
2.What does the writer pay least attention to?
3.Choose the right order of the events given in the passage?
4.All of the following statements may be true/false except…..
5.Which of the following is not the result of….?
【重点难点】
1. 语义转换
[技巧点拨]
虽然说细节题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接地找到, 但是与阅读材料一模一样的正确选项是几乎没有的。而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思, 即语意转换。解题时注意以下几点：
1. 顺序性原则：一般说来, 题序与其题眼在文章中的顺序相同。如第53题的答案信息会在第52题的答案信息之后。
2. 定位信息点：通过寻读法(scanning), 用题干中的关键词在文中搜索, 迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置, 缩小阅读范围。题干中可用来在文中搜索的关键词可能是专有名词、数词、实体名词, 以及这些词的同义表达等。
3. 理解信息点：在找到关键词句后, 要仔细阅读, 准确理解, 对照选项, 看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。
4. 排除干扰项：在作出选择的过程中, 要善于辨别真伪, 排除干扰, 不断缩小范围, 选出正确答案, 这就是我们常说的排除法干扰项一般具有以下特征：
(1) 杜撰事实, 无中生有。文中根本找不到任何相关信息, 完全由命题人所捏造。
(2) 偷梁换柱, 以假乱真。采用原文中的句式和大部分词汇, 但换了个别词, 改变了原意或范围。
(3) 半真半假, 虚虚实实。干扰项与原文相关细节部分相同, 部分相悖。
(4) 文不对题, 滥竽充数。干扰项是文中的事实细节, 但与题干要求不符。

[经典例题] ----
In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.
From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. They don’t get to see this soft side of others. Often, we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness, which includes a lot of pretending. But only when we stop pretending we’re brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that’s in them.
1. The author has discovered that people will feel happy when ____.
A. they offer their help
B. they receive others’ help
C. they feel others’ kindness
D. they show their weakness
2. The author feels sad sometimes because ____.
A. he has a soft heart
B. he relies much on others
C. some people pretend to be kind
D. some people fail to see the kindness in others
2. 是非判断
[技巧点拨]
这里的是非判断题, 主要是指true或not true, 以及含except等词的这类题。解答这类题, 一定要看清, 是选与文章内容相符的选项还是选不相符的选项, 或是选文中没有谈及的内容。
特别注意：NOT true这类题，要求选出一个错误选项, 也就是说, 有三个选项是正确的。考生千万不要看到一个正确选项时, 就以为这是要选的正确答案呀, 这点非常容易出错。Not true这类题涉及的信息点跨度大, 要注意作记号。
[经典例题]--
Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Certain microorganisms(微生物)cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release (释放)poisons that make people sick.
Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processes, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.
Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.
When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small...
1.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Food poisoned can make people sick.
B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food poisoning can be serious.
2. Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT ____.
A. some chemicals
B. low temperatures
C. some tiny living things
D. certain natural materials

【课堂练习】
【1】For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?
Why does the author compare the parent-teen war to a border conflict?
A. Both can continue for generations
B. Both are about where to draw the line
C. Neither has any clear winner
D. Neither can be put to an end
【2】 The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
What were the people asked to do in the study?
A. To make a face at each other.
B. To get their faces impressive.
C. To classify some face pictures.
D. To observe the researchers’ faces.
【3】After World War Ⅱ the population of most large American cities decreased; however, the population in many Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are cities where population shifts（转移）to and from the city reflect the changing values of American society. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, city residents became wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space. They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the suburbs.
Why did American city residents want to live in the suburbs after World War Ⅱ?
A. Because older American cities were dying.

B. Because they were richer and needed more space.
C. Because cities contained the worst pare of society.
D. Because they could hardly afford a live in the city.
【4】When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother’s Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.
Why was the author’s mother poorly served？

A. She was unable to speak good English.
B. She was often misunderstood.
C. She was not clearly heard.
D. She was not very polite.
【5】It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries. Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog’s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.
From paragraph 1 we learn that the villagers __________.
A. worked very hard for centuries B. dreamed of having a better life
C. were poor but somewhat content D. lived a different life from their forefathers
【6】 During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.
Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?
 A．To find more food. B．To protect themselves better.
C．To keep themselves warm. D．To produce their young.

【课后巩固练习】
【1】Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning _________.
A. are always accompanied by a fever B. are too common to be noted
C. can be noticed within hours D. can be ignored
【2】Modern inventions have speeded up people’s lives amazingly. Motor-cars cover a hundred miles in little more than an hour, aircraft cross the world a day, while computers operate at lightning speed. Indeed, this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced which go even faster and each new computer boasts（吹嘘）of saving precious seconds in handling tasks.
The new products become more and more time-saving because ______. .
A. our love on speed seems never-ending B. time is limited
C. the prices are increasingly high D. the manufacturers boast a lot
【3】Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.
According to the California study, the low-scoring group might _________.
A. have watched a lot of TV B. not be interested in math
C. be unable to go to college D. have had computers in their bedrooms
【4】Her job in travel writing began some eight years ago. After getting a PhD in English in Canada, she took a test for Frommer's travel guides, passed it, and got the job. After working at Frommer's, Jarolim worked for a while at Rough Guides in London, then Fodor's, where she fell so in love with a description of the Southwest of the U.S. that she moved there.
    Now as a travel writer, she spends one-third of her year on the road. The rest of the time is spent completing her tasks and writing reviews of restaurants at home in Tucson, Arizona.
Which country does Jarolim live in now?
     A. Mexico.          B. The U.S.        C. The U.K         D. Canada
【5】Amy Johnson was born on July 1, 1903, in Hull Yorkshire and lived there until she went to Sheffield University in 1923 to read for a BA. After graduating, she moved on to work as a secretary to a London solicitor（律师）where she also became interested in flying. Amy began to learn to fly at the London Aeroplane Club in the winter of 1928-1929 and her hobby soon became an all-consuming determination, not simply to make a career in aviation（航空）,but to succeed in some projects, which would demonstrate to the world that women could be as competent（能干）as men in hitherto（迄今为止）male dominated field.
Her first important achievement, after flying solo, was to qualify as the first British-trained woman ground engineer. For a while she was the only woman G:E. in the world.
Early in 1930, she chose her objective: to fly solo（fly by herself）to Australia and to beat Bert Hinkler’s record of 16 days. At first, her efforts to raise financial（经济的）support failed, but finally Lord Wakefield shared the 600 pound purchase prices of a used DH Gypsy Moth（GAAAH）and it was named Jason after the family business trademark.
Amy set off alone in a single engine Gypsy Moth from Groyson on May 5, 1930, and landed in Darwin on May 24, an epic flight of 11,000 miles. She was the first woman to fly alone to Australia.
In July 1931, she set an England to Japan record in a Puss Moth with Jack Humphreys. In July 1932, she set a record from England to Capetown, solo, in a Puss Moth. In May, 1936, she set a record from England to Capetown, solo, in a Percival Gull , a flight to retrieve（gain again）her 1932 record.
With her husband, Jim Mollison, she also flew in a DH Dragon nonstop from Pendine Sands, South Wales, to the United States in 1933. They also flew nonstop in record time to India in 1934 in a DH Comet in the England to Australia air race. The Mollisons were divorced in 1938.
After her commercial flying ended with the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Amy joined the Air Transport Auxiliary, a pool of experienced pilots who were ineligible（不合格）for RAF service. Her flying duties consisted of ferrying（carrying by plane）aircraft from factory airstrip（起落地带）to RAF（英国皇家空军）bases.
1. What did Amy Johnson do after she graduated from Sheffield University?
A. She became a secretary to a London solicitor.
B. She went to the air force.
C. She became the first female group engineer in the world.
D. She began to learn to fly at an aero plane club.
2. Which of the following is false?
A. Amy Johnson spent her childhood in Sheffield.
B. In Amy Johnson’s time, aviation was a male dominated field.
C. Amy Johnson flew solo for several times.
D. Amy Johnson was the first woman to fly alone to Australia.
3. According to the passage, how many records Amy had set?
A. Three . B. Four . C. Five . D. Six .
4. How did Amy solve the financial problem when in early 1930 she chose her objective: to fly solo to Australia and to beat Bert Hinkler’s record of 16 days?
A. She successfully raised financial support.
B. She shared the money necessary for the flight with her husband.
C. A businessman shared the purchase price of a used plane with Amy’s father.
D. Her father gave her the money.
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