Morpheme.ppt

MorphemeAllomorphRoot and AffixesThe Root,the Stem and the Base01020304CONTENTS 05Free morpheme and Bound morphemePart章 节01Morpheme成功项目展示The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.A morphemeIt may take various shapes or forms.OneTwoThreeMore than threeandboyboy-straintrain-ertrain-er-sactact-iveact-iv-atere-act-iv-ate工作完成情况We can notice that they are often but not always predicable.one map two mapsone dog two dogsone rose two rosesone mouse two miceone man two menone ox two oxenone sheep two sheepIn the first group,the plural morpheme has three different phonological forms,/s/,/z/and/iz/.In the second group,a vowel change instead of a suffix marks the plural in mice and men,in oxen the suffix we encounter is rather exotic and in the last example there is no visible plural marking at all.Part章 节02Allomorphs成功项目展示one map two mapsone dog two dogsone rose two rosesThe three different phonological forms,/s/,/z/,and/iz/,are variants of the same morpheme s.The different forms,-s,-en and zero suffix in dogs,oxen and sheep respectively,are variants of the plural morpheme.one mouse two miceone man two menone ox two oxenone sheep two sheepThey are all called allomorphs.工作完成情况An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.For example,im-,ir-,and il-in impolite,irresponsible and illegal are allomorphs of the morpheme in-,a common negative prefix.Part章 节03Free morphemes and Bound morphemes工作完成情况MorphemeFree morphemeFree lexical morphemeFree grammatical morphemeBound morphemeDerivational morphemeInflectional morpheme工作完成情况Free morphemeIt can stand by themselves and either tell us something about the world or play a role in grammar.Man,pizza,run and happy are instances of free lexical morphemes.And,but,the and to are examples for free grammatical morphemes.工作完成情况The difference between morphemes and phonemesMorphemesthe minimal meaning-bearing elementsprincipally independent from soundPhonemesthe smallest of sounddistinguish two wordsthe abstract unit of sound in the mind工作完成情况For example,the word zebra consists of five phonemes and two syllables,but it contains only a single morpheme.Ze-and bra are not independent meaning-bearing components of the word zebra,making it mono-morphemic.工作完成情况Bound morphemeMorphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound morphemes.For instance,-s,-ed,un-,-ness are bound morphemes.They have to be combined other morphemes,such as boys,played,unfair,etc.工作完成情况Free morphemeBound morphemeThey are independent and can be used freely all by themselves.They cannot be used independent but have to be combined with other morphemes.It can be subdivided into roots and affix.The difference between free morpheme and bound morpheme工作完成情况Bound morphemes come in two varieties,derivational and inflectional.Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes1.may change syntactic class2.to form new different wordsExample:-able,un-,im,etc.acceptable,impolite,unfair,etc1.no new word added2.not change syntactic class3.to indicate the grammatical functionOnly 8 kinds in English:-s,(third person singular present)-ed,-ing,-s(plural form),-s,-er,-est,-enPart章 节04Roots and Affixes年度工作概述A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of a word.For instance,talk,talkative,talker,talks,talked and talking,the root in each word is talk,which is the basic unchangeable part,carrying the main lexical meaning.RootFree rootBound root年度工作概述Free rootBound rootIdentical with free morpheme,such as red,book,and moonDerived from foreign sources,especially from Greek and Latin,such as ceive,-tain Can stand aloneCannot stand aloneThe difference between free root and bound root工作完成情况Affixes are forms that attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.All affixes are bound morphemes.AffixesDerivational affixesPrefixesInflectional affixesSuffixesThe function of affixesThe view of the place工作完成情况Linguists classify affix into prefix and suffix,in view of the place where exactly an affix is attached to a word.Prefixes are attached at the onset of a free morpheme,while suffixes are attached to the end.Prefixes:unhappy,unfair,impolite,etc.Suffixes:happiness,excessive,etc.Part章 节05The Root,the Stem and the Base 工作完成情况A root is the basic unchangeable form of a word which carries the main component of meaning in a word and it also is the part when all affixes are removed,such as reactions,removing re-,-ion,and s leaves the root act.A stem is the part of the word form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.For example,act is the stem of acted;action is the stem of actions.A base is a form to which affixes of any kind,either derivational or inflectional,can be added.It can be a root or a stem.In the case of reactions,act is a base,action is a base,so are react and reaction.工作完成情况Is nation a stem,a root or a base?Nation is a root,because nation is the basic unchangeable form of the word.Nation is a stem,because nation can be the stem of nations.Nation is a base,because nation can be a root or a stem.工作完成情况If a word is a base,it may not be a stem;if a word is a stem,it must be a base.A stem is the part of the word form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.A base is a form to which affixes of any kind,either derivational or inflectional,can be added.THANK YOU