翻译常用八大技巧.doc

第六讲 翻译常用八大技巧

翻译技巧来自翻译实践。由于中外语言在词法、句法等方面的不同，表达相同的意思或思想内容就会有不同的句子结构。在英汉互译时，要做到译文忠实地道，符合译语习惯，就要遵循一定的规律。翻译技巧就是就是使译文忠实地道的种种方法，这些方法都是人们根据原语和译语的语言差别总结出来的。 因此，原语和译语的共性是翻译之所以能进行的基础，语言的差别也是翻译技巧存在的原因。
中外学者和翻译家在研究各种语言的互译中， 找出了不少忠实传达信息的俄规律，总结出了各种各样的翻译技巧。其中，比较常用的就是不少研究翻译的书中提到的八种方法，即：

1. Repetition　重译法;
2 Amplification　增译法;
3. Omission　减译法;
4. Conversion　词类转译法;
5. Inversion　词序调整法;
6. Division　分译法;
7. Negation　正说反译、反说正译法;
8. the changes of the voices 语态变换法；
　在我国出版的不少关于翻译理论语技巧的论著中，其作者对于上述的英文表达有种种相应的汉语说法。如：ampification——增益（钟述孔），增词法（张培基等），增译法（钱歌川），补译和增词（马祖毅），增文字（陈廷佑）；omission ——省略法（钟述孔和张培基等）省译法（钱歌川），减词（马祖毅），减文字（陈廷佑）；conversion——转换（钟述孔），词类转移法（张培基等），词类转换（马祖毅），语部变换法（香港：刘天民）；inversion——词序调整（钟述孔），倒译法（钱歌川），倒译（马祖毅），颠倒顺序（陈廷佑）；negation——正说反译、反说正译（钟述孔），正说、反说表达法（张培基等），正面着笔与反面着笔（马祖毅），改换说法（陈廷佑），反义译法（彭启良）；division——长句拆译（钟述孔），分句、合句法（张培基等），拆译与并译（马祖毅），拆开句子（陈廷佑），长句的处理（彭启良）；repetition——重复（钟述孔），重复法（张培基等）重译（马祖毅）。在我们的课堂上，将沿用黑体部分的说法并作进一步讨论讲解。
第一节 重译法

在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语；否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语的翻译方法就叫重译法。一般来说， 重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。
1. 重复名词
大家都知道， 英语句中若两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后出现，定语后的名词也如此。 如：
1). We have to analyze and solve problems.

2). Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

3). They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.

4). Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation often show themselves in its speech.

重复英语中作表语的名词
1). John is your friend as much as he is mine.

2). This has been our position –but not theirs.

3). He became an enterpriser—all by himself.

重复英语中省略的名词，起到强调和明确的作用，更符合译语习惯
1). I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule, so has he.

2). Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.

3). Before liberation many people could not read or write.

4). 但是我们还是有缺点的， 而且还有很大的缺点。
But we still have defects, and very big ones.
5). 约翰的故事是一篇充满呻吟和泪水的故事，是资本家摧残不幸的人们的故事。
The story of John is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist.
6). A large family has its difficulties.

2. 重复动词
多数情况下，因为原语重复，译语为了生动或各自的惯用法，以不同的方式进行重复。 这种重复多为传达原文的生动性。
1). 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头.。
What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figures.
2). Is he a friend or an enemy?

3). For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother.

4). He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor of fights, nor contents of strength.
他不再梦见风暴，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。
5). 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。
Seek, seek; search, search;
Cold, cold; bare, bare;
Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief.
Now warm, then like the autumn cold again,
How hard to calm the heart!
6). And the body lay white and still beneath the pines, all bathed in sunshine and in blood.
这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在松树下，浴于阳光中，浴于血泊中。
注意，联系例4）、例5），英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在汉语译文中则要重复动词。有时连前置词都省略了， 但在译文中通常仍重复动词。如：
7). But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. 可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他一家人都要毁在他的身上。　
8). They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American. 他们想要确定，他是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。
3. 重复代词A.　英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语习惯的重复其所代替的名词。
1). Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.
杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。
2). He hated failure; he had conquered it in his own life, risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
3). Stephen made a bow. Not a servile one—he will never do that.
斯蒂芬鞠了一个躬。这不是一种卑躬屈膝的鞠躬——他绝不会那样做。
4). In China, they “made mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.
在中国，他们“犯过错误”，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。
B. 例5)、 6) 、7)代词代替句中作主语的名词（有时名词前均有修饰语），翻译时多不用代词而重复其作主语的名次，以达到明确具体的目的。如：
5). Happy family also had their own troubles.

6). Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.

7). Each country has its own customs.

C. 再者，英语中强势关系代词或关系副词whoever, whenever, wherever 等等，翻译时亦多用重复法处理，如：
8). Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.

9). Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.

10). Wherever sever oppression existed, there would be revolution.

11). You may borrow whichever book in my bookcase you like best.
我书架上的书你最爱哪一本，你就可以借哪一本。
D. 英语用some…and others…（some…, others…）连用的句子译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构， 有时也可以用“有的……，有的……”句式。
12). 上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（有的上大学了，有的下乡了。）
Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.

13). Some played soccer and others played basketball.
有的踢足球去了，有的打篮球去了。（踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的打篮球去了。）

翻译练习三
1.We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.
2.A good play serves to educate and inspire the people.
3.It is our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land.
4.They would be very reluctant to postpone or cancel the meeting.
5.Ignorance is the mother fear as well as of admiration.
6.I owned a town house, a summer lodge in the mountains, a winter cabin in the desert, a car and a driver’s license to take myself about.
7.People forget your face first, then your name.
8.They talked of things they longed for—of meat and of hot soup and of the richness of butter.
9.Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English, French grammar with the structure of French, etc.
10.When her eyes looked up, they were very large, odd, and attractive.
11.Each has his own business to handle.