河南专升本：语法系列复习专题七-----动词时态-被动语态.doc

语法系列复习专题七-动词时态，被动语态一、一般现在时 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如： Ill go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there. 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。二、现在进行时 1.表示正在进行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。例如：The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。 4.大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：exist,live,understand,mean,owe,belong to ,know,doubt,suppose,remember,forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、现在完成时 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作。例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for”, “since”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 1）用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作，现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果，而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态，和现在关系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room.Its very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为cleaned与现状无关，二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到Its这样的一般现在时。) 2）汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：I have seen that film.（我看过那部电影了。）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。)不能说：When have you seen that film?I have seen it yesterday. 4.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there. 5.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说：He has finished the work for three hours.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延续法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、现在完成进行时 1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days. 2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。五、一般过去时 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。六、过去进行时 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如：They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.七、过去完成时 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如：At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.八、一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式： 1.will/shall do （侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事） 2.be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生) 3.be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用) 4.be about to do (按计划即将发生)九、将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.时态考点分析1Can I join your club,dad? You can when you_a bit older. A.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have got析：“You can”是将来意，when引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时表将来所以此题答案为A.2Oh,its you!I_you. Ive just had my hair cut and Im wearing new glasses. A.didnt recognize B.hadnt recognized C.havent recognized D.dont recongnize 析：从“Oh,its you!”可知说话时已认出对方。“没有认出”是在此之前为过去情况，所以应选A.3.I dont think Jim saw me;he_into space. A.just stared B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared析：在空白处应选一个与“saw”相配，能解释Jim didnt see me 这一原因的选项，只有着眼于A、B。若选A不能体观他“当时正在做”某事，故排除A而选B。这样因为“他正在望宇宙天空”所以“未看到我”。4._my glasses? Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago. A.Do you see B.Had you seen C.Would you see D.Have you seen析：现在完成时可表过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果，问话人以这样的时态发问可作现焦急的心情。故答案为D。5.You dont need to describe her.I_her several times. A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet析：答案B。道理同4。6.Do you know our town at all? No,this is the first time I_here. A.was B.have been C.came D.am going析：根据this/it is the first/second/time sb.has done sth.句型，可定答案为B。又如：This is the second time he has visited the Great Wall.7.I dont really work here.I_until the new secretary arrives. A.just help out B.have just helped out C.am just helping out D.will just help out 析：根据I dont really work here.以及until the new secretary arrives,可知说话人所要做的事是计划安排行为，C、D两个选项都表将来动作，但D非计划安排，C则体现按计划去做，所以此题答案为C。8.Is this raincoat yours? No,mine_there behind the door. A.is hanging B.has hung C.hangs D.hung析：此题的“悬挂”是指现状而言，故表过去“挂”的B、D项可排除。C项虽指“现在挂”，但侧重在常规，习惯。为了突出“你所指的那件雨衣不是我的，我的正挂在门后”这一意思，选A是极为合情理的。被动语态一、被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者） 例如：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语get过去分词其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。例如：She lent me a bike.被动：1）I was lent a bike(by her).2）A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词be过去分词例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.二、主动表示被动的几种情况 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove也可用于被动式，如：His answer(was) proved right. 3.不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard,defficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比较：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况： 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。被动语态考点分析 1.I need one more stamp before my collection_. A.has completed B.completes C.has been completed D.is completed析：complete是及物动词，“邮集”是被人完成的，须从表被动意的C、D中选择。又因before等引导的时间状语从句中谓语要用一般现在时表将来，所以此题答案为D。 2.Do you like the material? Yes,it_very soft. A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt析：观察题干，空白线后无宾语，可知feel是不及物动词，表“（某物）摸起来”意思,是连系动词，不能用于被动式，也不用进行时。根据此题对话情景，是指某种材料的常规特性，要用一般现在时，不能用过去时，故答案为C。feel作“感觉”、“认为”、“摸”等意时是及物动词，可带宾语，有时态，语态等变化。 3Great changes_in the city,and a lot of factories_. A.have been taken placehave been set up B.have taken placehave been set up C.have taken placehave set up D.were taken placewere set up析：take place（发生）是不及物动词，不可用于被动语态，于是可排除A、D，又因set up(建造)是及物动词，在此题中应该用被动式，故排除C，答案为B。 4.Most of the artists_to the party were from South Africa. A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited析：首先可排除B。因为它不表示“被邀请”。又因D项少引导词who，也应排除。A项who were invited,C项who were being invited,由象invite这类短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作后置定语，故也应排除。因而可定答案为A。 5.I dont know the restaurant,but its_to be quite a good one. A.said B.told C.spoken D.talked析：根据“某人/某物据说”英文句式为“sb/sth.is said”可定答案为A。又如：He is said to be a clever boy.据说他是一个聪明的男孩。 6.The police found that the house_and a lot of things_. A.has broken intohas been stolen B.has broken intohad been stolen C.has been broken intostolen D.had been broken intostolen析：“房屋被人闯入”，“东西被偷”都是被动语态，故可排除A、B。因C项中的has been broken into不能置于found之后，则答案只能是D。 7.I promise that the matter will_. A.be taden care B.be taken care of C.take care D.take care of析：take care of是固定短语，若无of则不可带宾语，只能跟that从句。所以此题答案为B。 8.If city noises_from increasing,people_shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A.are not keptwill have to B.are not kepthave to C.do not keepwill have to D.do not keephave to析：观察题干，第一处必须用被动式，答案只能在A、B中选一。条件句用一般现在时，主句应为一般将来时，故答案为A。 9.The Olympic Games,_in 776 BC,did not include women players until 1912. A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing析；要表达“被举行”，只能在B、C中选。B意“将要首次举行”。显然不合in 776 BC这一过去时间，只有C，first played(which was first played)才合用。故答案为C。 10.This sentence needs_. A.a improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved析：初看此题似手A、C皆可，但improvement是元音开头词，其前要用an,故排除。need作实义动词，和require,want一样，后面可跟doing或to be done 表“需要被”意。如：The door needs/wants/requires painting/to be painted.(这扇门需要漆一下。) 11.I should very much like to have gone to the party,but I_invited. A.am not B.havent been C.was not D.will not be析：should/would like to have done sth.意“本想做某事”，例如：I should like to have seen the film,but it wasnt possible.由于这种句式表示“过去想”，所以but后的句子也应该是过去时态与之相配合，故此题答案是C。 12._the note_to Mr Smith? No,It is still in my pocket. A.Isbeing given B.Wasgiven C.Hasbeen given D.Hasntbeen given析：根据问句与答句，问话人显然是注重结果，故要用现在完成时。似乎D作为反诘句“难道条还没给史密斯先生吗？”也成立，但若是这种口气发问，答话人就应答“Sorry.It is still in my pocket.”,所以此题答案应为C。 13.We heard it_that he had gone to New York. A.say B.said C.to say D.be said析：It was said that可以改为We heard it said that(都表示“据说”之意)。前一种说法中It 是形式主语，后一种说法中it是形式宾语。故此题答案为B。动词时态、语态专练1.The maths problem can be_. A.easy worked out B.easy to be worked out C.easily worked out D.easily to work out2.Every possible means_,but none proves successful. A.has been tried B.tried C.is being tried D.has tried3.The girl is to_a rich man. A.marry with B.be married C.marry to D.be married to4.He received a telegram that_“Mother sick”. A.wrote B.says C.reads D.read5.Who can you imagine_to his wedding party? A.inviting B.being invited C.was invited D.to be invited6.I_ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. A.gave B.was given C.was giving D.had given7.Will somebody go and get Dr.White? Hes already been_. A.asked for B.sent for C.called for D.looked for8.A conductor_to keep us in time in the singing yesterday. A.needs B.is needing C.was needed D.has been needed9.When and where to build the new factory_yet. A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided10.Ways_to stop pollution by now. A.must find B.will be found C.are found D.have been found11.I dont want anything_about it. A.to say B.said C.saying D.having said12._that the sports meet might be put off. Yes,it all depends on the weather. A.Ive been told B.Ive told C.Im told D.I told13.A library with five thousand books_to the nation as a gift. A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered14.Betty has never been heard _ill of others. A.speak B.spoken C.to speak D.was said15.Tom_to have delivered the speech in their theatre room. A.said B.says C.is said D.was said16.What do you think of the book? Oh,excellent.Its worth_a second time. A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read17.Little Jim should love_to the theatre this evening. A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking.18._more attention,the trees could have grown better. A.Given B.to give C.Giving D.Having given19.where_the book?I cant see it anywhere. I_it right here but now its gone. A.did you put;have put B.have you put;put C.had you put;was putting D.were you putting;have put20.He would not fail so long as he_hard the next term. A.studied B.would study C.had studied D.studies21.How long_the English party_? A.has;been lasted B.did;last C.was;lasted D.will;be lasted22.What_you_this time next Friday? A.will;do B.have;been doing C.are;doing D.will;be doing23.Hardly_the bell_when the teacher came in. A.did;ring B.would;ring C.has;rung D.had;rung24.It_and the streets were still wet. A.had been raining B.rained C.had been rained D.would rain25.The book_on the ground for ten minutes but no noe has picked it up. A.is lying B.has lain C.lay D.has been lying26.We_there when it_to rain. A.were getting;would begin B.were about to get;began C.had got;had begun D.would get;began27.The teacher said we_ten lessons by the end of this term. A.should have studied B.were going to study C.have studied D.should study28.she told me she had met you in London last year. _you_her since? A.Had;met B.Did;see C.Would;meet D.Have;seen29.When_again? When he_,Ill let you know. A.will he come;will come B.will he come;come C.he comes;comes D.will he come;comes30.Tom_for more than a week. A.has left B.had gone away C.went away D.has been away31.What happened to her teeth? She_the apple more than she could chew. A.has bitten B.bit C.had been bitting D.bites32.Shakespeare was said_37 famous plays in his lifetime. A.finishing writing B.to finish writing C.having written D.to have written33. Youve agreed to go.So why arent you getting ready? But I_that you_me to start at once. A.dont realize;want B.dont realize;wanted C.havent realized;want D.didnt realize;wanted34. I missed the lecture last night. Oh,what a pity!I wish_. A.you heared it B.you had heard it C.you never heard it D.you hadnt heard it 35.Ill return the book to the library as soon a