外研版九上英语定语从句讲解及习题.doc

初中英语定语从句讲解
一、专题精讲
知识点1：定语从句的基础知识
1. 定语的概念：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词。可以作定语的成分有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中， “的”是定语的标志。
e.g.: 1. She is a beautiful girl.(形容词作定语)
2. It is a school bus.(名词作定语)
3. Her name is Lily./ David’s car is broken.(代词或者名词所有格作定语)
4. There are two boys in the classroom.(数词作定语)
5. The woman there needs help. / People now have their festival dinners at restaurants.(副词作定语)
6. The man in the kitchen is my father. (介词短语作定语)
7. There is nothing to do today. (动词不定式作定语)
8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his father(分词作定语)
9. There are five boys who will play the game. (从句作定语)

例1： 翻译下列短语，并画出这些短语中定语的位置。
1. a naval pilot___________________ 2. two huge objects______________
3. the rocks on the moon____________ 4. the girl in red_______________
5. the village far away_____________ 6. a library with lots of books_____________
7. the first man that walked on the moon______________________________
1. a naval pilot 2. two huge objects
3. the rocks on the moon 4. the girl in red
5. the village far away 6. a library with lots of books
7. the first man that walked on the moon
总结：用单词充当定语修饰名词时，位于名词之前，做前置定语。用短语充当定语修饰名词时，位于名词之后，做后置定语。
2. 定语从句的定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词，所以也称作形容词性从句。
e.g.: The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.  (修饰名词the man)
Anyone who breaks the law shall be published. (修饰代词anyone)

3. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
e.g.: The people that/who e to visit the city are all here. (the people为先行词，被横线部分及定语从句部分修饰)

4. 关系词：在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose；

例2：判断下列复合句是否含有定语从句，如果有，在括号内打 “√”并在句中把定语从句画出来。
1. Armstrong became the first human that walked on the moon.( )
2. There are reports which say Armstrong and Aldrin saw alien spacecraft when they were on the moon.( )
3. Neil Armstrong is the person who made people around the world realize that space exploration was truly possible. ( )
4. The most important award that Armstrong got for his service was the Medal of Freedom.( )
5. Many people believe that aliens were watching the astronauts when they landed. ( )

知识点2： 关系词的作用及分类
1. 关系词的作用：A. 引导定语从句；B. 代替先行词；C. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。
e.g.: The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.  
该句中，who is  shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。

2. 关系词的分类：引导定语从句的词分为关系代词和关系副词
I. 引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
1.who指人，在从句中做主语或宾语，且做宾语时，常可省略；
e.g.: The boys who are playing football are from Class One. （做主语）
Do you know the girl who is standing under the tree? （做主语）
The girl (who) you talk to just now is my friend. （做宾语）
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略，一般也可用who替代。但在介词后面只能用whom。
e.g.: Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about. 
  The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
     Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. （在介词后面不用who）
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
e.g.: Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (做主语)
  This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. (做宾语)
4. that既可指人也可指物。指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，做宾语时常省略。
e.g.: The people that/who e to visit the city are all here. (做主语，指代人)
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (做宾语，指代人)
The picture that is on the wall cost much. (做主语，指代物
Did you see the puter that I bought yesterday? (做宾语，指代物)
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。
e.g.: He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
  I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
   whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? (批注：此部分选讲)

检测题（一）：单项选择
(    ) 1. ----The volunteers are doing a great job in Yushu.
            ----Yes. They are helping the people ___ are suffering from the earthquake. (2010扬州)
     A. which             B. what               C. /                           D. who
(   ) 2. They want to develop a kind a dog-friendly food ____ will help dog owners cool down their pets. (2010常州)
     A. who               B. what               C. which                    D. whether
(   ) 3. The girl _____won the gold medal es from Beijing Sunshine Secondary School. (2010镇江)
      A. who               B. which             C. what                      D. whom
(   ) 4. One of the most interesting places in Yangzhou ________ are often visited by foreigners is the West Slender Lake. (2011扬州)
      A. what               B who                C. that                       D. /
(   ) 5. —Who is your favourite writer?
—Mo Yan. He is the first Chinese person _________ wins the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A. which B. where C. that D. whom
(   ) 6. —I like the photo I took on the beach yesterday. What do you think of it?
—Well, really nice!
A. where B. when C. which D. who
(   ) 7. We all like the story about the teacher happened in our school last week.
A. what B. who C. whom D. that
答案：D C A C C C D

知识点3：关系代词的选用
一般情况下，
that既可以指人又可指物，可以代替who, whom和which, 在从句中做主语，表语和谓语动词的宾语。但不能放在介词后做介词的宾语；
which指物，在从句中做主语、表语或谓语动词及介词后的宾语；
who在从句中做主语、表语或宾语，whom在从句中做宾语，whose在句子中作定语。
注意：whom为who的宾格形式。

具体用法如下：
1) that & which
在下列情况下，定语从句中一般只用which引导：    
(1)先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.  
Eg：What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?      
(2)关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.      
Eg：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。      
(3)引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that. 
Eg：Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
在下列情况下，定语从句中一般只用that引导：
(1) 当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时：
e.g.: Everything that they said was true.
   He is dead and there's nothing that can be done.
   There was little that we could do to help her.
   These walls are all that remain of the ancient city.
(2) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
e.g.: The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben.
  She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught.
(3) 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
e.g.: This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 
   Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of.
(4) 当先行词为who或前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
e.g.: Who that has mon sense will believe such nonsense
   Who is the man that is standing by the gate?
   Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
(5) 当先行词为人与事物或动物时。
e.g.: The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
批注：
定语从句需要注意做题顺序，首先找到主句的部分，然后剩余的部分则是定语从句的部分，所修饰的词即是先行词，若先行词是物，则在which和that中选择；若先行词是人，则在who和that中选择。但有时定语从句并不是紧跟着先行词，可能会被介词分开。例如： Please show me the watch of Yao Ming which your grandmother bought you as the birthday present. (the watch为先行词) 因为 which your grandmother bought you as the birthday present所修饰的词不可能是Yao Ming所以从句应该修饰的是the watch.
2) who& that
当先行词是人，但是与定语从句被其他词所分隔时，一般不能用that代替who
e.g.: Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know.
I was the only person in my office who was invited.

例1：用关系词who, which, that完成句子
1) The first film ______ made Zhang Ziyi famous was directed by director Zhang Yimou.
2) A doctor is a person____ looks after people’s health.
3) A plane is a machine _____ can fly.
答案：
1) that 2) who/ that 3) that/ which
例2：Do you remember the report about the teacher _____ was read by our monitor last week?
A. which             B. what               C. whom             D. who
例3： The report and the teacher _________disappeared have not yet been found.
A. which             B. who                C. that                 D. /

知识点四：定语从句的主谓一致
定语从句中关系代词that, which, who所代替的先行词可以是单数，也可以是复数，且他们本身无单数和复数的变化。如果它们在定语从句中作主语。那么从句中谓语动词的数要与先行词的数保持一致。
e.g.: I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.
   The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month.
    He is one of the boys in our class who speak English well.
  （one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式
  He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.
  （the (only) one /the very one the right one of +复数名词+关系代词 引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）
批注：关于one的相关内容，可以作为衔接的知识和孩子讲解，具体地，老师根据孩子的情况进行删选。

例1：The sunlight we are all used to _________(include) seven different colors. (2012无锡)
答案：includes
例2：The words that we should pay attention to _______ on the blackboard. (08宿迁)
    A. being written    B. are written       C. is writing               D. writing
答案：B
例3：翻译句子：她就是给你儿子动手术的那个医生。
She is the doctor________________________________________
答案：who/ that operates on your son

例1：选用关系代词who, which或that连接下列句子。
1. The building is our school. / The building stands by the river.
2. This is the nurse. The nurse came here this morning.
3. The puter is made in Japan. My father bought me a puter.
解析：利用上面的规则，先行词在定语从句中不复出现，所以做连接句子题时，只需要找到相同的词，将其作为先行词即可。1中重复的词时the building 所以以building作为先行词，stands by the river作为定语从句，而先行词是物，用that和which都可以。以此类推。
答案：
1. The building that/ which stands by the river is our school.
2. This is the nurse that/ who came here this morning.
3. The puter which/ that my father bought me is made in Japan.

二、专题过关

检测题（二）：选用关系代词who, which或that连接下列句子。
1. I love this city. / I was born in this city.
__________________________________________________________________
2. I am reading a book. My father bought it for me as my birthday present yesterday.
__________________________________________________________________
3. The woman is speaking at the meeting. The woman is my mother.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The man is her brother. The man is standing under the tree.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Bruce Lee was one of the greatest actors. Many fans were crazy about him.
__________________________________________________________________

检测题（二）：将下列句子翻译成中文。
1. Tom is the only student who came up with the answer.
__________________________________________________________
2. Have you found information which you need for your position?

__________________________________________________________
3. Would you please tell me something about the person that you talked to just now?
__________________________________________________________
4. She will meet a friend of hers who she hasn’t seen for many years.
_______________________
5. The report that we listened to yesterday morning was really interesting.
__________________________________________________________
答案：1. 汤姆是想出答案的唯一一个学生。
2. 你找到你作文需要的信息了吗？
3. 你能告诉我一些关于你刚才谈话的那个人的信息吗？
4. 她将会遇到一个她很多年没有见的朋友。
5. 我们昨天早上听的报告真的很有趣。
检测题（三）：用关系词who, which, that完成句子
1. If people drink the water _______ is polluted, they will get ill.
2. I saw Sandy ______ left just now on the train.
3. That is the player ________ scored three goals in our school football match last week.
4. The girl ____ es from the UK will visit the Palace Museum tomorrow.
5. Is this the book _______ Simon asked for?
6. I’d like to say “thank you” to the policeman________ helped me find the way yesterday.
7. People in HongKong _________ heard the surprising news all felt shocked.
答案：1. which/ that 2. who/ that 3. who/ that 4. who/ that 5. which/ that
6. who/ that 7. Who

学法升华

一、 知识收获
1. 定语从句中关系代词和关系副词分别有哪些？
2. 先行词指物的时候，用哪些关系代词引导？关系词指人的时候，用哪些关系代词引导？
3.关系代词that和which的区别是什么？

二、 方法总结
1）判断句子是否是定语从句，找到构成定语从句的几个部分，因为宾语从句一般置于动词后，所以动词后的不是定语从句；
2）若句子是定语从句，找到先行词
3）若先行词代替的是人，则用who或者that
若先行词代替的是物，则用which或者that
若先行词既是人又是物，则只能用that

三、 技巧提炼
考引导词：读题→找出先行词（是人或物？）→选择正确的连词（注意that与which、that与who的区别）

课后作业
一、选择题

【2014黄冈】—In a text message, 88 means Bye-bye. 
—And another example is F2F ______  stands for face  to face.
A. that         B. who         C. whom          D. it
【2014临沂】After Mandela was free (自由的) in 1990, he chose to shake hands with the people 
________ wanted to kill him.
A. whose   B. which         C. /         D. who
【2014河南】 “Underground” is the only word in the English language _______ begins and ends  
with the letters “und”.
             A. what          B. that             C. who         D. who m

【2014鄂州】—Where is the School English Speech Contest going to be held tonight?
             —I’m not sure. Is it in the hall _____ can hold 300 people?
 A. where         B. what           C. that          D. when

【2014湖北咸宁】—Have you seen the documentary named A  Bite of China (《 舌尖上的中
国》)? 
              —Yeah! It’s the most funny one _______  I have ever seen. 
              A. that          B. what        C. which         D. where

【2014达州】—What kind of movies do you like?
             —I like movies _______ scary monsters.
A.  which has       B. that have       C. what has       D. why have

【2014长沙】The shop _____ sells flowers is a t the end of the street.
             A. who      B. where      C. which

【2014杭州】I will never forget the day____ we spent in the old town with small houses.
A. who     B. whom     C. that   D. what 

【2014宜宾】Do you know the man____ ___ saved five people in the fire? 
             A. who           B. it             C. when        D. whom 

【2014呼和浩特】People ______ overweight need more water than thin people.
             A. who is    B. which are      C. that is      D. who are

【2014东营】When some Chinese women were dancing to loud music in a park in New York, the people______ lived nearby called the police.
A. who          B. whom         C. whose         D. which

【2014广州】Do you know the man ______ is talking to Miss Wu?

            A. he   B. whom   C. who   D. which

【2014甘肃白银】Could you tell me the result of  the discussion ______ you had made in the meeting just now? 
                 A. that       B. when        C. how          D. who

【2014绍兴】I really like the photo of my family _____ my sister took in the city park last year.
             A. which         B. who         C. what         D. whom

【2014潍坊】Tommy couldn’t stop thinking about the boy ______ made him a fool in the whole 
of class.
             A. whom         B. which       C. what         D. who

【2014泰安】—Which is your new neighbour, Liu Hua?
             —The man _______ T-shirt is red.  
             A. that           B. who        C. which        D. whose

【2014滨州】—Do you know the girl _______ is talking with our teacher?
             —Oh, she’s my sister. 
             A. who           B. whose       C. whom