新闻英语的语法特征.ppt

新闻英语中的语法特征.Grammatical features of news Englishv1.flexible usage of the tense时态运用灵活v1.1 tense in news headlinev时态的运用在英语新闻文体中有其独特之处，在标题中尤为突出。为了给读者一种现实感和新闻的及时感，标题中常用一般现在时、不定式或现在分词分别表示过去、将来或正在进行的动作。For example:v（1）Hillary Clinton suffers collapsev US senator and former first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton has collapsed during a pubic appearance in Buffalo,New York state.v(2)Stars rock Bangkok for tsunami reliefv World entertainment giant,MTV Asia,will hold a star-studded concert today to raise money for the tsunami relief effort.v1.2 the disagreement of tenses时态的不一致性v在一般文体中，按照传统英语语法规则，宾语从句中谓语动词的时态要受制于主句中谓语动词的时态，这被称之为时态的一致或呼应。同样，当间接引语被改为直接引语时，动词形态也要做相应的调整。英语新闻一般也应该遵循这种时态的变化规则。然而，在实际的新闻报道中，起时态常常并不拘泥于这种语言规则，而是按照实际情况，根据新闻事实发生的时间变化与顺序，酌情灵活使用各种时态。例如：.vThe new post,undersecretary-general for administration and management,involves overall responsibility for budget and personal matters and is one of eight deputy positions created by Mr.Butros Ghali in a restructuring of the Secretariat announced on Friday,the officials said.v2.Passive voice is frequently used 频繁使用被动语态v被动语态在英语新闻中使用得相当广泛，起使用频率往往多于其他英语文体。其原因主要有两方面。一方面是因为新闻报道最重要的作用是向大宗报道最新的，有重大意义的事件和信息。为了能突出重点，新闻报道中常用被动语态强调事件或行为的结果，突出强调新闻事实或动作的接受者而不是执行者。例如：v(1)More than 50 million acres of farmland have been submerged and grain stores damaged.Thousands of peasants have been shown on television trying to save their grain by loading sacks into boats or trying to move them to higher ground.v(2)At least 26 people were killed at the weekend in a new army offensive in which the army fired rockets,artillery and mortars at targets around the town as air force made repeated strikes.v另一方面，记者为迅速、有效地抓住读者的注意力，有时不得不采用被动语态，这可谓是英语新闻文体的特征之一，因为它恰如其分地掌握了读者阅报时的普遍心理。人们阅读时都是处于漫不经心的状态，只有当念到感兴趣部分时才会集中注意力。为此，被动语态将动作的承受者移至句首，正好起到这一作用。例如vA brief case containing highly sensitive documents about British operations in Saudi Arabia was stolen.It was revealed last night to the press.But no details were plexity and variety in sentence pattern.复杂多样的句式v3.1 simple sentences are more frequently used than complex sentence 单句多于复合句v要较好地达到英语新闻的告知和传播功能，适应并迎合各层次读者的口味，英语新闻的句式结构要尽力做到简洁。人们读报就是为了在最短的时间内获得最多的信息，因此，英语新闻中的句子多用简单句。英语新闻经常使用分词短语、介词短语、名词短语、不定式短语等代替从句，使句子的结构更加简单、明了，使新闻的叙述更加清楚，从而使听、读新闻的人思路更加清晰，这样可以使新闻在短时间内被听众或读者理解和接受。例如：.v(1)Screaming and weeping mourners clambered around the flag-draped coffin carrying the body of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri as hundreds of thousands of people turned out for his burial Wednesday,two days after a huge bomb killed the man credited with rebuilding post-civil war.v(2)Partial election returns released yesterday showed a clergy-backed Shiite coalition performing better than expected in Baghdad and southern Iraq,diminishing Iyad Allawis chances of holding onto the position of prime minister in political horse-trading that already has begun.v英语新闻中通常大量使用简单句的主要原因是受版面的限制，记者往往力求用尽量少的篇幅，来报道尽量多的事实，提供尽量广的知识。此外记者们写稿和发稿都受截稿时间的限制，常常将想到的新情况和背景补插到已经写好的句子中，造成句子主干极其简单，但修饰成分相当复杂，这对非英语母语的读者来说是一种挑战，有时无法弄清楚插入的词语到底修饰、说明哪一部分。这时需要掌握的一个规律就是，修饰成分一定离它所修饰的中心词最近，千万不要走远了。例如vPresident Bush said that the Russian leaders response to the message,sent on Friday,had been inadequate.v当然英语新闻中也使用适量的并列复合句，主从复合句。但需要指出的是，英语新闻中的主从复合句一般只包含一层关系，寄简单的宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。经常出现在科技语体和小说中的复杂的多重从句在新闻中是很难见到的，所以英语新闻中单句明显多于复合句的特点是非常显著的，但是单句绝对不等于简单，而复合句绝对不等于复杂。.v3.2 the dense packing of premodifiers前置修饰语高度浓缩v为了浓缩结构，节省篇幅，新闻工作者常常使用前置修饰语，前置修饰语的使用可以避免因使用从句而带来的句式拖沓。所以，英语新闻中句子的一大特色是尽可能用形容词（词组）、介词（词组）、分词（词组）等来做名称的修饰语，并将它们并置于被修饰词之前，形成一长串的前置修饰语组合。例如：v(1)Always erudite,famously verbose,and often controversial,Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould died last week at 60.v(2)Thirty-five foreign ministers from the“group of 77”developing nations will be present and other member-countries are expected to be represented by high-level-non-ministerial delegation at the two-day meeting.v3.3 direct and indirect speech are widely used.直接、间接引语的广泛使用v新闻报道在相当大的程度上是记述人们所说的话以及他们是怎么说这些话的。换言之，引语是必不可少的。记者必须经常在报道中以直接或间接的方式酌情甚至大量引用别人的原话。这既可增添报道的真实感和生动性，减少文字的沉闷感，同时又能显示记者的客观立场，是报道具有“最大限度的客观性”，使读者确信记者并未掺杂个人倾向。.