现代英语词汇学概论chapter2.ppt

MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDSChapter Two11.Content2.1 Morphemes2.2 Allomorphs2.3 Classifications of morphemes22.Morphological structure of the wordThe internal structural of words and rule by which words are formed.A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning.Structurally,however,a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units.Words are composed of morphemes.33.2.1 Morphemes The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.The morpheme denotes the smallest units or the minimum distinctive feature of some class of things.A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning.One morpheme:nationTwo morphemes:nation-alThree morphemes:nation-al-izeFour morphemes:de-nation-al-ize44.An allomorph(词/语素变体)any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.Different forms of the same morpheme.(An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.)caps,classes:-s(plural)-ion,-tion,-ation,-sion positional allomorphs of the same suffix 动词过去时态变化 ed,-ied2.2 Allomorphs55.2.3 Classifications of morphemesIn general,there are two main types of classification of morphemesFree morphemes and bound morphemesRoots and affixes66.2.3.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemesFree morphemesA free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences,i.e.,free roots(自由词根).A free morpheme is a word,in traditional sense.E.g.:earth,wind,boy,bite,etc77.Bound morphemesA bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance;it must appear with at least one other morpheme,free or bound.Inflectional elements and affixes are bound morphemes.they have attached meaning(un-kind,hope-ful)or grammatical meaning(cat-s,slow-ly,walk-ing,call-ed).They are also called grammatical morphemes.882.3.2 Roots and affixes Roots,i.e.,root morphemesA root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.work,workable,worker,worked,and workingRoots are either free or boundFree roots:In English,many roots are free morphemes,such as boy,walk etc.Free roots,just like simple words,belong to the basic word-stock.Bound roots:Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources,especially from Greek and Latin,belong to the class of bound morphemes,such as tain in words like contain,detain99.A root,whether it is free or bound,generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.E.g.:revive vital vitamin vivacious vivideach consists of the Latin root vit-or viv-,meaning“life”or“to live.”E.g.:contradict,predict,dictate,diction,dictionarydict-conveys the meaning of say or speak-A knowledge of roots can help one to analyze and understand many words almost on sight.Knowing the meaning of these roots can help clarify the meaning of many English words.1010.Affixes Affix is a“collective term for type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.”Affixes,therefore,are considered bound morphemes.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.According to the functions of affixes,affixes may be divided into inflectional(曲折词缀)and derivational(派生词缀)types.1111.Inflectional affixesAffixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.For example:cats,walked,walking,Johns bookAn inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree.It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word.1212.Derivational affixesAffixes added to other morphemes to create new words.They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.Prefixes(前缀)Suffixes(后缀)Derivational affixes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning.1313.English words can be classified on the morphemic level:(1)simple words:a single morpheme(2)derived words:result of a derivational process,consisting of a free morpheme and one(or more than one)bound morpheme,e.g.,fruitless(3)compound words:those which are composed of two or more free morphemes14Diagram of morphemes14.SUMMARYMorphemeAllomorphsClassification of morphemesFree or boundRoot or affixesu Classification of words on the morphemic levelResearch question:汉语中的语素/词素？词缀?1515.Review:about the morphemeGive the English or Chinese for the following and explain.blogflashgeekwikiwitkey博客闪客奇客/极客维客威客hackerdiggwalkerpodcastinggawker黑客/骇客掘客沃客播客搞客1616.