分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义英语论文(1).doc

XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书
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论文（设计）题目： 分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义
学院： XXX学院 专业： XXXX 班级： XXX级XXXX
学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXXXX 指导教师：XXXX 职称： XXX
1、 论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务
本论文的研究目标是分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义。其主要任务是通过分析文中三个主要人物对虚无的认识及态度总结出海明威对虚无世界的探索和态度。

2、论文（设计）的主要内容
本论文分为三章，第一章介绍年轻侍者的成长背景及其对虚无的态度，第二章介绍老人的人生经历及对虚无的逃避，最后一章介绍年长使者对人生中虚无的洞察以及他的积极态度。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线
本论文的基础条件是国内外学者对海明威及《一个干净明亮的地方》中虚无主义的研究成果。
研究路线是通过分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中三个主要人物对人生中虚无的认识及态度，反映出海明威对虚无主义的认识及态度。

4、主要参考文献
Carlos, Baker. Hemingway: the Writer as an Artist. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Chang Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature. 天津: 南开大学出版社.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Will To Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011.
白凤欣、冯梅、姬生雷、李正栓. Best Short Stories of The world. 河北教育出版社.
李华田，卢敏，彭灿.《厄内斯特●海明威作品导读》，武汉大学出版社，2007。

5、计划进度

阶段
起止日期
1
确定初步论文题目
3月16日前
2
与导师见面，确定大致范围，填开题报告和任务书，导师签字
3月23日前
3
提交论文提纲
3月30日前
4
交初稿和文献综述
4月20日前
5
交终稿和评议书
5月8日前
指 导 教师： 年 月 日
教研室主任： 年 月
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书
XXX 学院 XXXX 专业 XXXX 届
学生
姓名
XXX
论文（设计）题目
分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义
指导
教师
XXX
专业
职称
XXX
所属教研室
翻译系
研究方向
英美文学和翻译

课题论证：分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义

方案设计：第一章介绍年轻侍者的成长背景及其对虚无的态度，
第二章介绍老人的人生经历及对虚无的逃避，
第三章年长使者对人生中虚无的洞察以及他的积极态度。

进度计划：3月16日前确定初步论文题目
3月23日前写开题报告、任务书
3月30日前提交论文提纲
4月20日前提交初稿和文献综述
5月8日前交终稿和评议书
指导教师意见：

指导教师签名： 年 月 日
教研室意见：

教研室主任签名： 年 月 日

XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书
姓 名
XXX
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XX级英语
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论 文 题 目
分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义
完成时间
XXXX/5/8
论

文

内

容

摘

要

厄内斯特●海明威是美国最伟大的现代作家之一，也是一名短篇小说大师。他生活的年代正值旧的西方文化传统覆灭，除了信仰缺失和道德沦丧，什么也没有留下。海明威自己参加过多次战争，也经历过家庭悲剧（他父亲的自杀）。“海明威的世界极其混乱，毫无意义，生存在这个世界的人孤独地与一种他自己也无法理解的巨大力量抗争”。而虚无主义也一直是海明威作品的主题。
本论文旨在分析《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义。这是一篇典型的以虚无主义（生命的空虚）为主题的短篇小说。文中共出现了六个人物，其中三个是主要的，即老人和两个侍者。他们都生活在虚无之中，但是他们面对生活中巨大的虚无的态度却各不相同。年轻侍者人生阅历尚浅，年轻又天真。他意识不到自己生活在虚无之中。老人已经八十多岁，经历过人生的起伏后，认识到在混乱的世界中生命毫无意义。为了逃避虚无，他先是自杀，后又每天喝得酩酊大醉。但是即便醉了，他也依然保持着做人的尊严。老侍者也生活在虚无之中。他深刻地理解虚无并与之抗争。他还主动为那些有需要的人提供一个干净明亮的地方。
通过对三种不同的面对虚无的态度的分析，我们可以很清楚地看到战争和经济危机对人们身心的双重伤害，并探究海明威在人生的困难和绝望面前采取怎样的态度。

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XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述
Literature Review
Nihilism, coming from the Latin word nihil, or nothing, can be understood in several different levels, such as political nihilism, ethical nihilism, and existential nihilism. What is commonly used and understood of nihilism today is the sense of existential nihilism, which argues that life is meaningless, without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Under such circumstances, existence itself, like actions, sufferings and feelings, is senseless and empty. Suicide is sometimes encouraged. Nihilism is first used by Friedrich H. Jacobi to negatively characterize transcendental idealism. Then Ivan Turgenev popularized it in his novel Fathers and Sons to describe the crude scientism espoused by his character Bazarov who preaches a creed of total negation. Friedrich Nietzsche is most frequently associated with nihilism. He perceives that there is no objective order or structure in the world except what we give it. He wrote in his Will to Power that “the highest values devalue themselves. The aim is lacking and why finds no answer”. Convinced of Nietzsche’s analysis, Oswald Spengler studied several cultures and confirmed that patterns of nihilism were indeed a conspicuous feature of collapsing civilizations. Existential Nihilism thinks that all the things around us is nihilistic except what we can perceive with our sensual organs, that is what we experienced is the real and exists. Existential nihilism has been part of the Western Intellectual tradition from the beginning. Nihilism has also been reflected the literary works.
Based on this theory and his notion and understandings of the world, Hemingway wrote many stories that create a series of nada heroes. A Clean, Well-lighted Place is his prime work concerning nihilism. Earnest Hemingway has long been regarded as one of the greatest writers in twentieth century. He is a master of short stories, to which he has contributed a lot and he was awarded Nobel Prize for his contribution to the creation of modern fiction. He insisted on writing with the “true staff”, which is things and people he knows. Some of his early works established him as one of the world famous writers. And his writings, language and style have a great influence on those of his age and those of the following years.
Many writers and researchers have done a great deal of studies on both Hemingway and his works. Some papers and books are about Hemingway’s life experience, such his childhood, youth, middle age, his experience in wars and his father’s suicide. Hemingway himself has also written about his feelings and understandings about wars, human life and the world. His war experiences had a lifelong influence on him and war was his main theme of his writings. Henry Louis Gates believes that Hemingway’s style was fundamentally shaped “in reaction to (his) experience of world war”. The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms, and For Whom the Bell Tolls are all about wars, in which Hemingway made clear about his anti-war ideas. His works painted the image and revealed the spiritual desolation of the after-war generation, the “Lost Generation”.
Mao Jianfang, a professor in Zhejiang University, had a study about nihilism in A Clean, Well-lighted Place. He analyzed the interior world of the characters, especially the old man in the story. He believes that the old man is alone and lonely. Living in a chaotic world, the deaf old man realized his life was meaningless and tried t escape from the great nothingness in life. The author Mao thinks that in an economic-broken society, one needs a clean and well lighted place to place his soul. People in that decade found it hard to hold on to a belief after the claim of the death of God. Hemingway regarded loneliness and nothingness as the tragedy of modern world. He believes that in a world full of nada light and order are the keys to establish man’s dignity, which is the courage to live and to fight against the terrible spiritual crisis.
Others study Hemingway’s Iceberg Technique in writing this story. Hemingway once said in his work Death in the Afternoon that “If a writer of prose knows enough about what his works is about, he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action”. In the story, Hemingway mainly described the three characters: the old man and the two waiters. The story mainly unfolds by the conversations between the two waiters. Hemingway used simple and condensed words to indicate his sharp observations and contemplations on the meaning of life and intrinsic value of living. Some researches focus on the use of contrast and symbolism in the story. The café, the light and the darkness in the street, the two waiters and the old man, all contrast with each other and have symbolic meanings of themselves. All the methods and techniques serve the theme of the story: nada.
This thesis will analyze nihilism from the three main characters’ life experiences and their understandings of themselves and attitudes towards life. In the chaotic society, the three characters have different experiences in their lives. Thus, they hold different views towards nada. The younger waiter is young and naïve and he has a superficial understanding of the world and himself. He can’t realize that he lives in the great nada. The old man has gone through an eventful life and he knows about all human joys and sorrows. He knows he lives in nada, but he has no means to reconcile himself to it. So he first kills himself and then kills time in the café to escape from nada. The older waiter has some experience and relates the old man as his future. He deeply understands nada and fights against it bravely. He sort of speaks Hemingway’s attitude towards nada, or hardships and frustrations in life. Through the three characters, to explore Hemingway’s ideas of nihilism and his attitude towards it.

本科生毕业论文

题目： 分析海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义

作者姓名： XXX
指导教师： XXX
所在学院： XXX学院
专业（系）： XXXX
班级（届）： XXXX届

完成日期 XXXX 年 5 月 8 日

viii

Analysis of Nihilism in A Clean, Well-lighted Place by Earnest Hemingway

BY
XXX
XXXX, Tutor

A Thesis Submitted to Department of English
Language and Literature in Partial
Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of B.A. in English
At XXXX University

May 8th, XXXX

i

摘要

厄内斯特●海明威是美国最伟大的现代作家之一，也是一名短篇小说大师。他生活的年代正值旧的西方文化传统覆灭，除了信仰缺失和道德沦丧，什么也没有留下。海明威自己参加过多次战争，也经历过家庭悲剧（他父亲的自杀）。“海明威的世界极其混乱，毫无意义，生存在这个世界的人孤独地与一种他自己也无法理解的巨大力量抗争”。而虚无主义也一直是海明威作品的主题。
本论文旨在分析《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义。这是一篇典型的以虚无主义（生命的空虚）为主题的短篇小说。文中共出现了六个人物，其中三个是主要的，即老人和两个侍者。他们都生活在虚无之中，但是他们面对生活中巨大的虚无的态度却各不相同。年轻侍者人生阅历尚浅，年轻又天真。他意识不到自己生活在虚无之中。老人已经八十多岁，经历过人生的起伏后，认识到在混乱的世界中生命毫无意义。为了逃避虚无，他先是自杀，后又每天喝得酩酊大醉。但是即便醉了，他也依然保持着做人的尊严。老侍者也生活在虚无之中。他深刻地理解虚无并与之抗争。他还主动为那些有需要的人提供一个干净明亮的地方。
通过对三种不同的面对虚无的态度的分析，我们可以很清楚地看到战争和经济危机对人们身心的双重伤害，并探究海明威在人生的困难和绝望面前采取怎样的态度。

关键词：海明威，《一个干净明亮的地方》，虚无主义

i

Abstract

Earnest Hemingway is one of the most famous modern American writers and also is a master of short fictions. He lives in a period when all the old traditions are smashed and nothing left but a loss of faith and morality. He had sufficient experiences of wars and has gone through family tragedy (his father’s suicide). “Hemingway’s world is a world essentially chaotic and meaningless, in which man fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand”.1 And nihilism has always been the theme of Hemingway’s works.
This thesis aims at analyzing the thought of nihilism in A Clean, Well-lighted Place. It is a typical story dealing with nada, the nothingness of life. There are six people that appeared in the story. While only three of them are important: the old man and two waiters. They all live in nada, but they react differently in face of the great nada in life. The younger waiter, who has little experience in life, is young and naive. He can’t realize the nothingness of his life. The old man, who has experienced a lot in his more than eighty years of life, knows that his life is meaningless in this chaotic world. He tries to escape from it by first killing himself and then getting drunk every night. But he tried his best to keep dignity even when he is drunk. The older waiter lives in nada, too. He has a deep understanding of the great nada of life and tries his best to fight against it and he is willing to help others by providing a clean and well lighted place.
Through the analysis of three main characters’ different attitudes towards nada, it is clear to us how great the influence of war and economic depression is on both people’s body and mind and what kind of attitude Hemingway holds when confronted with hardships and despair in life.

Key Words: Hemingway, A Clean, Well-lighted Place, Nihilism

ii

Table of Contents

Introduction......................................................................................................1
Chapter I Analysis of The Younger Waiter’s Nihilism..................................................6
A The Background of The Younger Waiter’s Growing........................................6
B The Younger Waiter’s Attitude Towards Nada..........................................8
Chapter II Analysis of Nihilism of the Old Man….................................................11
A The Eventful Life of the Old Man ....................................................................11
B The Old Man’s Attitude towards Nada ............................................................14
Chapter III Analysis of the Older Waiter’s Nihilism ...................................................18
A The Older Waiter’s Understandings of Nada ...................................................18
B The Active Attitude of the Older Waiter towards Nada ...................................20
Conclusion.............23
Notes.............................................................................................................25
Bibliography .......................................................................27

iii

Introduction

Earnest Hemingway has been regarded as one of the most famous modern American writers for a long time. Most of his works concern on themes of love, war, wilderness and loss and reflect the social conditions of the early decades of the 20th century on both physical and spiritual level. He wrote many works that reveal the spiritual conditions of that generation who lost their faith and belief. Therefore, people regard him as the spokesman of the “Lost Generation”. A Clean, Well-lighted Place is one of his best short stories, which tells about a world full of nada and people’s searching for the meaning of living.
A Clean, Well-lighted Place is a short story written by the modern American author Earnest Hemingway and has long been regarded as his prime novel. It is first published in Scribner’s Magazine in 1933 and collected in Hemingway’s 1933 collection Winner Take Nothing. A Clean, Well-lighted Place is one of the most extraordinary short stories which were written in Hemingway’s early times. The story takes place in a Spanish cafe. It is very late in the night. There is nobody left in the cafe except two waiters and an old deaf man, who is a regular customer that likes to stay late. From the two waiters’ conversation, we know that the old man is lonely and desperate, and he committed suicide last week but was rescued by his niece. Then he kills time by getting drunk every night in this clean, well-light