英语阅读理解技巧(事实细节题).ppt

英语阅读理解技巧英语阅读理解技巧(事实细节题事实细节题)Strategies for Questions of Details in Reading ComprehensionInstructional objectives:1.Know about the requirements of reading comprehension in the NEMT2.Learn different question types.3.Learn the strategies(策略策略)of details in reading comprehension and thus summarize them.4.Tell the right answers from distracters(干扰项干扰项)Emotional Goals:Enforce your solution ability by practicing moreRequirements of reading comprehension in the NEMT高考大纲之阅读考察考生阅读理解不同文体语篇的能力，如书、报、考察考生阅读理解不同文体语篇的能力，如书、报、杂志、网络中关于一般性话题的文字材料以及公告、杂志、网络中关于一般性话题的文字材料以及公告、说明、广告等（生词量不超过说明、广告等（生词量不超过3 3），并能从中获），并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：取相关信息。考生应能：、理解主旨和要义；、理解主旨和要义；、获取具体信息；、获取具体信息；、根据语境猜测词义；、根据语境猜测词义；、根据语境推理判断；、根据语境推理判断；、理解作者的意图、观点或态度；、理解作者的意图、观点或态度；、把握文章的逻辑和结构、把握文章的逻辑和结构。重庆高考重庆高考细节题细节题近近5年概况：年概况：2009年年6题题12分分2010年年8题题16分分2011年年6题题12分分2012年年6题题12分分2013年年7题题14分分12-16 scores 33%细节题类细节题类型型1 wh1 wh细节题细节题2 2 是非题是非题3 3 排序题排序题4 4 图表题图表题5 5 计算题计算题6 6 其它题其它题 Question types：Question type 1:Wh-Question type 1:Wh-细节题细节题 即以即以_、_、_、_、_、_、_等疑问词开头提等疑问词开头提问短文具体内容。问短文具体内容。whatwhatwhowhowhenwhenwherewherehowhowwhywhy1.概念whichwhichStep2Wh细节题常见的考题形式有：细节题常见的考题形式有：How/When/Whydidsomethinghappen?Whichofthefollowingshouldpeopledoit?Whereshouldsomebodydosomething?-Accordingtothetext/Fromthetext,why/when/where/how/what/who.?.1）先读题。找准问题中的）先读题。找准问题中的关键词关键词，利用信息，利用信息定位，运用定位，运用略读和查读略读和查读的技巧快速在文章中寻的技巧快速在文章中寻找相关出处。找相关出处。2）对比对比所找信息中所找所找信息中所找词汇词汇，进行变通，即，进行变通，即有可能用成近义词，反义词，正话反说等。有可能用成近义词，反义词，正话反说等。3 3 解题方法和步骤：解题方法和步骤：1)Notlongago,mywife,PJ,andItriedanewdietnottolosealittleweightbuttoansweranannoyingquestionaboutclimatechange.Q:Whydidtheauthorandhiswifetryanewdiet?A.TotakespecialkindsoffoodB.Torespondtoclimatechange.C.ToloseweightD.Toimprovetheirhealth近近义义词词because,due to.to dobecause,due to.to do4Practice就近原则：不推比推的好，推得近的比推得远的好2)(2013湖北E篇)Surprisingly,comparedwiththoseinpoorhealthorwhohadlowincomes,respondentswhoenjoyedgoodhealthorincomewereassociatedwithexpectingagreaterdecline.Also,theresearcherssaidthathigherincomewasrelatedtoagreaterriskofdisability.Q:Howdopeopleofhigherincomeseetheirfuture?A.Theywillearnlessmoney.B.Theywillbecomepessimistic.C.Theywillsuffermentalillness.D.Theywillhavelesstimetoenjoylife.词性变化high/low incomehigh/low income就近原则：不推比推的好，推得近的比推得远的好3)(2012全国卷C篇)LastnightIwasdrivingfromHarrisburgtoLewisburg，distanceofabouteightymiles.Itwaslate.SeveraltimesIgotstuckbehindaslow-movingtruckonanarrowroadwithasolidwhitelineonmyleft,andIbecameincreasinglyimpatient.Q:Whydidtheauthorgetimpatientwhiledriving?A.Hewaslonelyontheroad.B.Hewassloweddownbyatruck.C.Hegottiredofdrivingtoolong.D.Hecameacrosstoomanytrafficlights.语言简化/归纳总结patient,patience.patient,patience.1）先读题。找准问题中的）先读题。找准问题中的关键词关键词，利用信息，利用信息定位，运用定位，运用略读和查读略读和查读的技巧快速在文章中寻的技巧快速在文章中寻找相关住处。找相关住处。2）对比对比所找信息中所找所找信息中所找词汇词汇，进行变通，即，进行变通，即有可能用成近义词，反义词，正话反说等。有可能用成近义词，反义词，正话反说等。4 4 请运用刚才的技巧分组练习请运用刚才的技巧分组练习正确选项的特点与概括正确选项的特点与概括:(事实细节题的考点)_把原文中的一些词换成把原文中的一些词换成近义词近义词,反义词等。反义词等。_把原文中的一些把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍语态，给考生制造障碍。_把原文中的复杂把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，长话短说，成为正确语言现象进行简化，长话短说，成为正确答案。答案。替换关键词替换关键词词性或者语态的变化词性或者语态的变化语言简化语言简化/总结归纳总结归纳1)、（、（2013辽宁辽宁A篇）篇）YetsincemyarrivalinBeijinglastyear,Ivefoundtheoppositeistrue.Therearemillionsofcars.However,peoplestillusetheirbicyclestogetaround.Formany,itstheeasiestandcheapestwaytotraveltoday.Bicyclesalsocomeindifferentcolors-silver,green,red,blue,yellow,whateveryouwant.Q:Accordingtotheauthor,whyarebicyclesstillpopularinChinatoday?A.Becausetheyaretraditionalandsafe.B.Becausetheyareconvenientandinexpensive.C.Becausetheyarecolorfulandavailable.D.Becausetheyarefastandenvironmentfriendly.近义词2)(重庆2013年高考C篇)Theoldestknowntransportwheelwasdiscoveredin2002inSlovenia.Itisover5,100yearsold.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidntbecomepopularforawhile,though.Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.64.Whatmightexplainwhytransportwheelsdidntbecomepopularforsometime?A.Fewknewhowtousetransportwheels.B.Humanscarriedfarmingtoolsjustaswell.C.Animalswereagoodmeansoftransport.D.Theexistenceoftransportwheelswasnotknown.语言简化/归纳总结3）(2012山东A篇)Unfortunately,theleadersinvestedthemoneyunwiselyandlostmillionsofdollars.Inaddition,theyusedmillionsmoredollarsforpersonalexpenses.Soonpeoplerealizedthattheyhadaterribleproblemtheirphosphate磷酸盐wasrunningout.Ninetypercentoftheirislandwasdestroyedandtheyhadnothing.By2000,Nauruwasfinanciallyruined.Expertssaythatitwouldtakeapproximately$433,600,000andmorethan20yearstorepairtheisland.Thiswillprobablyneverhappen.59.WhichofthefollowingwasacauseofNaurusfinancialproblem?A.ItsleadersmisusedthemoneyB.ItspenttoomuchrepairingtheislandC.Itsphosphate(磷酸盐)miningcostmuchmoneyD.Itlostmillionsofdollarsinthecivilwar.语言简化economy,money,cost,expenses4)(2011全国)SoftwareTrainerIfyouareaged24-45andhaveexperienceinteachingandtraining,youcouldbethepersonwearelookingfor.Youshouldbegoodatthecomputerandhavesomeexperienceinprogrammewriting.Youwillbeallowedtomakeyouowndecisions,andtodesigncoursesaswellaspresentthem.Payupwardsof15,000poundsfortherightperson.PleaseapplybysendingyouCV(简历)toMrs.R.Lglivie,PalmlaceLimited.Q:WhatkindofpersonwouldprobablyapplytoPalmlaceLimited?A.OnewithGCSEgradeClevel.B.Onewithsomeofficeexperience.C.Onehavinggoodcomputerknowledge.D.Onetrainedinproducingmusicprogramme.无中生有无中生有正误并存1常见的设问方式：三对一错或三错一对1）Whichofthefollowingistrue/false/mentioned?2)Allofthefollowingstatementsmaybetrue/falseexcept_.3)Whichofthefollowingisnottheresultof.?4)Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?Step是非题_。即把选项内容和原文。即把选项内容和原文内容进行对比分析，判断是否符合相关内容进行对比分析，判断是否符合相关句的意义或在原文中提到过，然后进行句的意义或在原文中提到过，然后进行排队解答。排队解答。项。项。2 2 解题方法：解题方法：原文定位法原文定位法Enlisted（征募）inthearmyin1997,Liuwasanexperiencedpilotwith1,680hoursofflyingexperienceandthedeputyheadofaflightunitofthePLAsAirForcebeforebeingenlistedintoChinassecondgroupofprospectiveastronautsinMay2010.Sheisnowanairforcemajor.3PracticeQ:WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutLiuYangfromthepassage?A.LiuoncewasheadofaflightunitofthePLAsAirForce.B.Liuhasbecomeanairforcemajorin1997.C.ShewasenlistedintoChinassecondgroupofprospectiveastronautsin2010.D.AfterthreeyearsoftrainingLiuwasselectedasacandidate.删减细节/缩小范围正误并存nownow_明显不是文章的信息，与文中事实相反或不符4 干扰项的特点干扰项的特点正误并存正误并存扩大扩大(缩小缩小)范围范围偷换概念偷换概念以偏概全以偏概全无中生有无中生有_信息部分正确，部分错误 _是原文信息，但故意增加或减少细节_符合常识，但不是文章的内容_与原句的内容极为相似，但在程度、态度、褒贬色彩上有变动_是原文信息，但不是题干要求的内容答非所问答非所问1）(2010年广东年广东C篇篇)Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.5分组练习Q:WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Foodwhenpoisonedcanmakepeoplesick.B.Foodpoisoningmeansdeath.C.Foodpoisoningcomesinvarieties.D.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious.以偏概全Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.有时命题者故弄玄虚，在选项有时命题者故弄玄虚，在选项中加些夸大其词的说法，把中加些夸大其词的说法，把“大约大约”说成说成“绝对，肯定绝对，肯定”(要留意选要留意选项中诸如项中诸如all,absolutely,only,never,never,completely,definitely等等词词)，把抽象说成具体，或者把人，把抽象说成具体，或者把人名、地名、时间等名、地名、时间等张冠李戴张冠李戴，误串，误串起来，从而构成形是实非的干扰项。起来，从而构成形是实非的干扰项。注意注意“陷阱陷阱”：2)(2013河南质检)Itiseasytofindorganicmulch(覆盖)materials.Cut-upleavesandsmallpiecesoftreebarkcanbeused.Grasscuttingsarealsoagoodmulchforplants.Mulchfromnewspapersworkswellincontrollingweeds.4.ThefollowingcanbeusedasorganicmaterialstomakemulchEXCEPT_.A.TreebarksB.cut-upleavesC.grasscuttingsD.plastic3(2013山西高三质检)Traditionally,peoplehavedrunkbottledwatertohealthreasons.Thepracticeof“takingthewaters”originatedwiththeRoans,whobelievedthatapersondevelopedahealthymindbybuildingahealthybody.AcrossEurope,drinkingorbathinginmineralwaterhasbeenassociatedwithpowertocurevariousdiseases.Q:WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?ABottledwaterwasoncedrunkbothbytherichandthepoor.B.Bottledwatersaleshaverisen,foritscheaperthantapwater.C.Europeansbelievedinthepoweroftreatmentofmineralwater.D.Americanshavehadthehabitofdrinkingbottledwaterforlong.词性转化无中生有AcrossEurope,drinkingorbathinginmineralwaterhasbeenassociatedwithpowertocurevariousdiseases.4)(2012合肥质检)Thenewtechnologyhasproducedvariousoptionsforstudents.CollegeBooksellers,whichoperates636campusbookstoresnationwide,isnowmarketingitsnewsoftwareapplication,whichallowsstudentstoreade-textbooksonPCs.Thecompanyintroducedthefreeapplicationlastsummerinthehopeofattractingmorestudentstobuyitselectronictextbooks.“Nowthebiggestbarrierisgettingthemtotryit.”saidthecompanysvicepresident.Q:WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothisparagraph?A.CollegeBooksellersoperatesmorethan600bookstoresincampus.B.Thefreeapplicationwasintroducedtoincreasesalesofelctronictextbooks.C.Campusstudentsnowfancyatryofthefreesoftwareapplication.D.Thecompanysmanagementstillhastodomoretosellthee-textbooks.wantNowthebiggestbarrierisgettingthemtotryitsummaryWh-细节题解题方法1 1 找题干中的关键词，用略读和查读方法锁定出处。找题干中的关键词，用略读和查读方法锁定出处。2 2 对比词汇，仔细分析题干和原文的共同点和差异。对比词汇，仔细分析题干和原文的共同点和差异。是非题解题方法：原文定位法正确选项正确选项特征特征替换关键词替换关键词词性变化词性变化语言简化语言简化/总结归纳总结归纳错错误选项误选项特征特征1 1 正误并存正误并存2 2 扩大扩大/缩小范围缩小范围3 3 无中生有无中生有4 4 以偏概全以偏概全5 5 偷换概念偷换概念6 6 答非所问答非所问 做阅读理解细节题，除了掌握技巧以外，最主要是要有足够的词汇量，辅以语法知识，认真分析，仔细思考，才能得高分。不然，只是舍本逐末。Practice makes perfect!Practice makes perfect!May you succeed in your studies!May you succeed in your studies!Thank you!事实细节题解题技巧事实细节题解题技巧1.1.若针对特殊标点符号若针对特殊标点符号,举例子举例子,名人名言出题名人名言出题,只只需要阅读符号，例子需要阅读符号，例子,名言前后的内容，然后与选名言前后的内容，然后与选项核对。项核对。2.2.在出现一些关键词，如在出现一些关键词，如howeverhowever、butbut、moreovermoreover、thereforetherefore、thusthus时，要特别注意句子前后意义的时，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。转折，递进，因果等关系。3.3.细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项细节题的答案一般是同义替换项或者同义转换项summary4.4.选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：选项中有绝对语气词的一般不是答案。如：must,must,never,the most,all,merely,only,have to,never,the most,all,merely,only,have to,any,no,completely,none,any,no,completely,none,等。但不是绝对，也有等。但不是绝对，也有例外。例外。5.5.注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文是注意选项中的副词，形容词和介词短语等与原文是否一致。如：否一致。如：must,may,often,should,must,may,often,should,usually,might,most,more or less,likely,usually,might,most,more or less,likely,all,neverall,never，few few 等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往等存在程度不同，经常被偷换，往往被忽视。往被忽视。6.6.细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容细节题干扰项特点：与原文内容相反；与原文内容一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提一半相符，一半不同；叙述过于绝对化；原文没有提及及.解题办法：首尾定位法解题办法：首尾定位法+排除法排除法即：先找出最先发生的事和最后发生的事，即：先找出最先发生的事和最后发生的事，通过排除法迅速缩小范围，从而快速选通过排除法迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确答案。出正确答案。Questiontype1:排序题排序题B篇Candogsandcatsliveinperfectharmonyinthesamehome?Peoplewhoarethinkingaboutadoptingadogasafriendfortheircatsareworriedthattheywillfight.Arecentresearchhasfoundanewrecipeofsuccess.Accordingtothestudy,ifthecatisadoptedbeforethedog,andiftheyareintroducedwhenstillyoung(lessthan6monthsforcats,ayearfordogs),itishighlyprobablethatthetwopetswillgetalongswimmingly.Two-thirdsofthehomesinterviewedreportedapositiverelationshipbetweentheircatanddog.However,itwasntallsweetnessandlight.Therewasareportedcoldnessbetweenthecatanddogin25%ofthehomes,whileaggressionandfightingwereobservedin10%ofthehomes.Onereasonforthisisprobablythatsomeoftheirbodysignalswerejustopposite.Forexample,whenacatturnsitsheadawayitsignalsaggression,whileadogdoingthesamesignalssubmission.Inhomeswithcatsanddogslivingpeacefully,researchersobservedasurprisingbehaviour.Theyarelearninghowtotalkeachotherslanguage.ItisasurprisethatcatscanlearnhowtotalkDog,anddogscanlearnhowtotalkCat.Whatsinterestingisthatbothcatsanddogshaveappearedtodeveloptheirintelligence.Theycanlearnhowtoreadeachothersbodysignals,suggestingthatthetwomayhavemoreincommonthanwepreviouslysuspected.Oncefamiliarwitheachotherspresenceandbodylanguage,catsanddogscanplaytogether,greeteachothernosetonose,andenjoysleepingtogetheronthesofa.Theycaneasilysharethesamewaterbowlandinsomecasesgroom(梳理)eachother.Thesignificanceoftheresearchoncatsanddogsmaygobeyondpetstopeoplewhodontgetalong,includingneighbors,colleaguesatwork,andevenworldsuperpowers.Ifcatsanddogscanlearntogetalong,surelypeoplehaveagoodchance.32.Somecatsanddogsmayfightwhen_.A.theyarecoldtoeachotherB.theylookawayfromeachotherC.theymisunderstoodeachotherssignalsD.theyareintroducedatanearlyage33.Whatisfoundsurprisingaboutcatsanddogs?A.Theyeatandsleepeachother.B.Theyobserveeachothersbehaviors.C.Theylearntospeakeachotherslanguage.D.Theyknowsomethingfromeachothersvoices.34.ItissuggestedinParagraph4thatcatsanddogs_A.havecommoninterestsB.arelessdifferentthanwasthoughtC.haveacommonbodylanguageD.arelessintelligentthanwasexpected_2011A26Intheanimalkingdom,weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme,pourcreamintomycoffee,orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.第一段第一段细节归纳_ _it makes them happy2011A27Frommywheelchairexperience,Iseethebestinpeople,butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily.Theydontgettoseethissoftsideofothers.Often,wetryeverywaypossibletoavoidshowingourweakness,whichincludesalotofpretending.Butonlywhenwestoppretendingwerebraveorstrongdoweallowpeopletoshowthekindnessthatsinthem.第二段第二段_转折处常考转折处常考因果关系处常考因果关系处常考2011A29Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedontfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften,itwouldbebetterifwedontpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.第六段第六段_2011A28WhenIputonmyflashlights,Iwassayingtootherdrivers,“Ihaveaproblemhere.IamweakanddoingthebestIcan.”Andeveryoneunderstood.Severaltimes,Isawdriverswhowantedtopass.Theycouldntgetaroundmebecauseofthestreamofpassingtraffic.Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry,theywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.第五段第五段_转折处常考转折处常考_Theoldestknowntransportwheelwasdiscoveredin2002inSlovenia.Itisover5,100yearsold.Evidencesuggeststhatwheels for transport didnt become popular for a while,though.Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.64.Whatmightexplainwhytransportwheelsdidntbecomepopularforsometime?A.Fewknewhowtousetransportwheels.B.Humanscarriedfarmingtoolsjustaswell.C.Animalswereagoodmeansoftransport.D.Theexistenceoftransportwheelswasnotknown.【解析】根据文章第二段最后一句话Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround可知运输轮子很长时间没有流行的一个原因可能是动物充当了很好的交通工具。In1988,TanniwenttoherfirstParalympicGamesinSeoul.Shewonbronze inthe400metres.Even greater success followed at the1992Barcelona.Paralympics.Tanniwongoldin the 100,200,400 and 800 metres relay,settingtwoworldrecordsintheprocess.时间时间57.WhendidTanniwinherfirstOlympicgoldmedal?A.In1984.B.In1988.C.In1992.D.In2007事实细节题考查的六大信息事实细节题干常用事实细节题干常用when,where,who,why,what 和和 how 等提问或要求用此类信息补全等提问或要求用此类信息补全句子，考查对应的六大信息内容，即句子，考查对应的六大信息内容，即 _、_、_、_、_和和 _。时间 地点 人物 原因 事件 方式 summary1.According to the passage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)_?2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect/true?（三误一正三误一正）3.Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?（三正一误三正一误）4 The author(or the passage)states that_.5.常见设题方式：常见设题方式：题干设计常常避开原文中所用的词汇，而用其同义词、近义词或反义词设题。设题特点：设题特点：解题技巧与策略第一步：略读题干(Skimming)首先，快速浏览每道试题的题干(即问题)。第二步：通读全文(Scanning)浏览了题干与选项之后，要带着“问题”通读全文。第三步：研读攻关(Close-reading)注意对信息进行注意对信息进行综合分析综合分析，分清主次、真伪分清主次、真伪，避免受信息的干扰，陷入高考题所设下的避免受信息的干扰，陷入高考题所设下的“陷陷阱阱”，学会，学会“排除排除”干扰项。干扰项。(NewYork)AFrenchtouristhighlypraisedforrescuingatwo-ye