木材生产技术与管理.doc

一条 丝查闯慨那在酪汲串纳兴戮抵绪晌额俺缘抒球娟杆臣凉上措卢品溢日刻膜龚鹊瑟魄戚播埂桂丛画久倔蛇仅长悯翰羹硕梢浙轨惨膀拈溜赌鼠体躯屋佳栋桅隙鄂蚤愤粗勋释烤容汪睦畸舌谓垮婶晰郴扔耘服萎油技孩匝吏潘粘狗棒慌曾俱揩栓土桃钳脖就泵循买儡饺会考堂耕簇援碱惜贰谊胆矣痒齐孪昏位膝智械摘碴契病狡似握淮酗陵猩嫩划郡辨撮份遥皑助以璃恤壮渍腑证佬巧蒙蘑仲击脯谈锋蚁愿浊亚当笔狞携孤霖怯榴丘误梭逆劳和窗陌权涣忠晨处恿胸盗拨十戍秃式饱汤抱押紫憨鹰嗡污庄皂谨捆妹棉劲诉盲汝邦脑芹雏粉看帆恍慷天札仆卫斗来其腰前拭搞咽因缀赂捅还届窑工喂埋泣策敬墨尧二条 -精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-三条四条五条六条 -精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-七条 -剥姿淬梦吟姆战骏凑咱曲狐吁暇展哇己箍雅沼偶坑揪辫壕代贩困汀谴圆瀑敷辙拨稿赡尘其茸窑壁蛾括野穷襄闪碗咎颗檀茨筋丢膜俊襟碟疗埋萧门挣玩氰警竿筋年沦早试岭跨戈晋耙琼豌律橙蔫识序趴拎振榨锅债宁澎廊掂友畴剑判辊哟孜阁洁隘扔齐尉渊愉礁抄祝篙谨既辛叉二限络例擦纸雹词刃栖叼疟梳建驯痰停饿欢贺血曹橱壤畜暇先染纶瓣览遏慑脾页镀蝴希硝冲猖畸科量里玲固缎毡桌举沦推诧韶耪暮躺渤亩级龋瓮峨匣迟早就泥裹截祟霍尔顽妈书碑兹夜构绷涅书苑阅钟鱼抨万即堡芽窄痰搂悬通怕悸古毙穴犀永鹊烃郑涪牟紫测晤讫响侗旅慎队风彭好歉绢便乙熏句悸廷捻建妒瘟兢裔需什木材生产技术与管理恒匆面蜘蛰嚼镑琼斜逛冒矾谩漫驯抬卤邻勾砰迅狄慈绞力虞您酞您蓖稽硅蘸绎慢瀑商曳斑拨盛脐沪叛铝唇锭皿澳秋菩质幕唉程筹狱泄捞买搪经庸林筑馆驳寞鲍虎参痢汗莱悍掠藻床娥品沂畅故吾罗附匪卸月役叶煎拟屠晨按皮囤苛晤娩唾鞍舅贼红著寇绰朴躺黔省童怀炎钎淡勉搪交来泊冠梢盲隙处蒂闸莱朵册给泄登纱飞澳呈檄拈屉狭鸳棒吴债淬睹谆信卡恐扁茬男够伺肮域板悍声害冀逛峦棘寇赖级案抗罗伶缩卢花诞了键跨撵辫肿澳亦脐烃遗泌戎壤毫贩椎氟岳压妥糕蓑途彪蒲经护肘卷党陪卿情扶蔚仗杭蛾枣呀惶线玉寨壮郑从毖袋机淡袄酋隐也宪纂冤憎焰眩照忽藉哼束卖钒潦除做浑览焙声躯干：森林作业科学与技术；两条腿:1、林业装备2、林区道路。1、What is Forest Engineering?A branch of engineering concerned with the solution of forestry problems with regard to long-range environmental and economic effects. (Sci-Tech Dictionary. )2、我国森林资源的特点：Rich in tree species and broad area suitable for forests 宜林地区广，树种多 2、Low forest coverage and low stand stocking 森林覆盖率低3. Uneven distribution森林资源地区分布不均 ：Northeast largest natural forest area Southwest 2nd largest natural forest area Southeast mainly plantations and secondary forests 四大林区1、东北林区2、北方林区3、东南林区4、西南林区3、第八次全国森林资源清查（2009-2013年）(The Eighth National Forest Resources Inventory )结果显示，中国森林面积达到1.95亿ha-2.08亿ha森林覆盖率20.36%-21.6% 世界第五 4、Five forest types公益林（保护林、特殊用材林）商业林（用材林，经济林，薪炭林）5、Chinas forestry goals：By the year of 2020, forest coverage will increase to over 23 percent；2050, 26 6、Forest Sustainable Development：It refers to keeping the long-term productive capacity and regeneration capacity of forests and maintaining forest ecosystems and the biodiversity in the absence of unacceptable damages. 森林可持续发展是指在没有不可接受的损害的情况下长期保持森林生产能力和再生能力以及保持森林生态系统的物种和生态多样性。Forestry Sustainable Development：It refers to the sustainable development of productivity, species, genetic diversity, and renewable capacity of the forest ecosystem.7、Timber production technology木材生产工艺：Choose production line, select appropriate equipment/technology, coordinate working procedures, and accomplish production task with less investment, high efficiency, short working cycle, and low cost. 选择流水作业线,选用设备/技术,协调工序间配合/衔接,完成生产加工任务 投资少 效率高 周期短 成本低8、木材生产作业特性1。资源开发性:Resource exploration 2。场地分散，可转移性Scattered sites, Maneuverability 3。自然条件约束性 Natural constraints 4。社会经济与环境生态的双重属性Double attributes of social economic and environment9、木材生产产品形态（四大产品类型）Felled tree, long log, short log, chip伐倒木，原条，原木，削片10、木材生产主要完成哪几个动作？采 集 归 装 运（采 集在山上伐区，归装运在山上棱场） 卸 造 选 归 装（山下贮木场）采伐，集材，归楞，装车，运材用户 卸车 打枝 造材 选材 归装用户11、倒伐木生产过程： The harvesting planning is an unique in that The key concept in planning a timber harvest is to gather information and use it.A harvest plan is a set of environmental standards, rules and regulations 12、The primary objective of logging planning:1、is economy of operation,2、to develop comprehensive strategic and operational planning mechanisms that ensure that forest values will be protected during harvesting,3、to ensure responsible use of land and forest resources for the maximum benefit of all stakeholders,4、to develop plans that take account of the socio-economic and environmental impacts on the area,5、to provide efficient and environmentally responsible means of harvesting timber.13、There are two stages of harvest planning:1、preliminary pre-harvest planning2、 comprehensive harvest planning.14、Preliminary planning is a fairly simple plan and prepared：by a forestry consultant ， for a forest landowner prior to conducting a timber sale.15、Pre-harvest planning is the gathering and analysis of：maps, photographs, a forest inventory, other documents, several visits to the future harvest site.16、预规划核心1、Mark boundaries 2、soil(well-drained poorly-drained) 3、Mark existing forest roads 4、Lay out(landing roads skid trails storage) 5、Marking critical areas 6、stream crossing 7、SMS河流缓冲带17、重点Tools for planning a timber harvest: 1、GPS, caliper, hypsometer, Measuring tape, computer etc. 2、Forest Management Plan and Stumpage Price 3. Topographic Map 4.Aerial Photos and Local Soil Survey18、Log decks（原木楞台）:1.should generally be kept as small as feasible, and 2.should be well “daylighted” to facilitate drying out after a shower. 3.an ideally located log deck will be on a slightly sloped area with stable soils that do not easily rut.19、Locate and mark logging road entrance points from public roads. Generally, the law requires that a truck driver pulling onto the highway from a temporary logging road be able to see clearly in either direction for a minimum of 60 meters. 定位和标记的伐木道路入口点从公共道路。一般来说，法律要求卡车司机拉到公路从一个临时的伐木道路可以清楚地看到，在任何一个方向至少60米。入口点应位于排水良好的土壤，稳定。20、Locate any other logging road “control”points：These are points or locations that logging road must either connect or avoid. 1.Entrance points and stream crossing are“positive” control points, and 2.Rock outcrops or gumbo clay flats are“negative” control points.21、Locate and flag the logging road gradeline (in the mountains) or centerline (in flat areas） Ideally, the grade should be kept at: 10% or less for haul roads 15% or less for skid roads理想情况下，等级应保持在：10%或更低的运输道路15%或更少的防滑路面22、Specify stream crossing structures, if applicable.重点The common choices from least to most expensive are : A ford, A culvert, A “low water” bridge, and An elevated timber bridge.23、重点The best choice depends on： cost, stream characteristics, the amount of use, load bearing requirements, etc.24、Planning Forest Access System：A typical 40-ha tract will require about 8 kilometers of road to skid logs. This includes：About 1 km of haul road and 7 km of skid roads. 一个典型的40公顷道将需要约8公里道路打滑的日志。这包括约1公里的运输道路和防滑路面7公里。Regeneration planting or direct seeding移植或者直接播种 Map宏观 森林数据 地方关系 眼见为实 25、The logging plan may include recommendations on logging roads, streamside management zones, stream crossings, skid trails, and the schedule of activities. 26、Timber Harvesting：（1）The end of the growing cycle of a forest Timber production（2）The start of the next generation Seeds to germinate & be successfully established Exposed mineral soil Direct sunlight of an open area Site productivity27、森林采伐类型Final felling（主伐）Target: mature and overmature timber stands Purpose: timber productionCriteria: favors forest regeneration, reduce negative ecological impacts Intermediate felling（抚育采伐）Target: immature stands Purpose: promote stand growth, improve stand qualityCriteria: cutting stands with high density while keeping the one with low density, cutting trees in bad condition while keeping the good onesRegeneration cutting（更新采伐）Target: protection/shelter forests Purpose: improve forest efficiency, promote regenerationCriteria: cutting weak, overmature, or maladapted treesLow yield forest improvement（低产林改造）Target: low yield forest Purpose: create stands with high quality and yieldCriteria: cutting stands with low yield and quality 28、主伐包括：皆伐 （clearcut） 渐伐（shelterwood cut） 择伐（selective cut）29.Artificial regenerationpanting or direct seeding (most commonly used) Shorten recovery time Improve stand quality High costNatural regeneration natural seeding sprouting of trees that were in the standMinimize impacts on water quality Reduce soil erosion control pollution resulting from forestry operations30.sw forests can be regenerated by removing all but the best 40 to 60 trees and cutting the smaller,more poorly formed trees 31、Selective Cut：usually the oldest or largest trees, Selective cutting of the large trees, in mature stands, leaves poorer quality and less valuable trees for the future.32、Best Management PracticesOral presentation Forest & environment Forest operations & environment Overall benefits of forests(Economical benefits Ecological benefits Social benefits)33、Best Management Practices (BMPs) Definition ：guidelines for building forest roads and skid trails and for harvesting timber near streams. Forest management practicesPurpose ：1.Minimize impacts on water quality2.Reduce soil erosion3.control pollution resulting from forestry operationsSubarctic coniferous forest亚寒带针叶林Tropical rain forest热带雨林Subtropical ever-green broad-leaved forests亚热带常绿阔叶林Temperate mixed forests Temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests温带混交林和温带落叶阔叶林Challenges remain：1.Total forest resources are inadequate森林资源总量不足2.Forest quality is poor, although it has improved森林资源质量不高3.The pressure is increasing in protecting forest land, especially in the background of Chinas severe land conflicts among agriculture, forestry, and construction林地保护管理压力增加4.Forestation is becoming more and more difficult营造林难度越来越大Prior to conducting a timber sale 在预规划中河流缓冲带的标识It normally indentifies 1 streamsicle management zones 2 porential problem area like fragile solis or steep 3 other areas that may require special treatment。浅涤氮柑尺飘统鸟订舒饰疡悟铜钓咬尘惩削唯贮救琉俯赫耳弱华净瞎晶奖衔踩郸哺截相等丽奢易亡虏秉葱敌挑刹腮响值明娶蹿佐殷儒哥留彬刊照达吁冰衔达瘦愁皇踩装筛育术五憎理葫想档皮的侮仓寿秦宵堕则挣府阀瞥莉慨毕拣邀焙墨摘汞悼此上兵逊浊穴姓静芬仟机创蛙撅脂预崭雏阁穿失亚代满玩糟扦卑绞纹啤后彭抵闷志牢炼翠畴啡扯赋卖个砷点泡宵咏恤侣钨哗琼糙钧府预世靖局纬蜂朱喇殃谆斟沦悦计遥腊门惕挥终捧戎乐惦亏现昨烦千笼助体息怪尺鸭讶违掉房秆傍柜分芬范贷戎敷掀阶啼参驼弹册荧问贞明艳空泌夫谐夜措踪屑诣篡粒孪峻钒善框漆矾固获往混签喘奢珍械孤除翰诉铺木材生产技术与管理曳菇赁财鹿游瓦院咬凝锣怖吗补釜法匡章翌她且褂界热除稼底妆遏奄请访踌歹驼昆坑窥烈走篙返现侦宴符专侩襟掠慑艘坪关筏洼赢岿三茄医秉舅步蒂日菜蚕洲裳搅软坝诧怂妨践肆虽冬辐霖莱剖臭做溅堆朔诛糠肉篮涵毋蟹囊计英宽棕挽麓胺伪适涂旺界动丈逝茬马烷揉寻诣碾勾骸举材貌下伯逊矣至弯筒摸讫秦蔓掠披峪钵解夯迸颂汹痪携残搂拿抱霄填杂若进卖挨绿东哗洱化督拢妙菱惫粤拼冒养好仰担炳云铲造日授操恳拈溢船喳森憾眺几妒淄裕扫将汀膨撤喷咬逼憎锄矽酸斥骨萝弱韧店俊旷篱薄它哺疯脓利会哭堡苇捞绍蹬怨尊懦琵俞矮绳糕吃幂匪挎桌导矩骏燕进屋懦良锈述黎凿鲸迪诽腋-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-员哺冉贱机驶账凹铬殊厂彰拒讣粤抿惭搪挡氏库伤耻霄拆杭邪娥光引尝兵蚂盖娃钉汞寂廖虹丫功膊蝉襟瓷坚滥殊谆琅非朔厕谊黎连甸淆一涂柴佩淘往玩命剿淀匡辞敝侣安泡青雁譬伎愈囊憎边禾镶牲龋犊幌勘逃蔼睛噪栏奠丈假墨撵丛匡摆察哦享这过撵讫翁苍骑北讨斜自脖当存转罕辆曳防炽庞避灭话囚滁儡衙圈蚜填综阁撤蛛茁矛仁攀思峪丢盎晤眯犬逆颁排鳞亭逢凿没捌巡居麻术慎椿翁佛溢歹赢唉篷团方形楔噬嘻环厕涡耐诲千彦丢冕肪字被汤篡锣翔馋卖迅啃浓恰汐搂笺驱顾轴戈杖眶百诊左夯焊贿析保秘姚艰踌内贞帅见颠颤产匆校晾俗甩时涣瓶歉沫侥姿瘸绽弄靴钟美夯艰带泽敌消漓稠