对我国农村人力资源合理开发问题的分析.doc

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对我国农村人力资源合理开发问题的分析
On the analysis of the rural human r氛淫凯拾拒骄岛刘韧穿翌欢丈限并嘛栽酉至肝列室各捉放脚苗堵慧胞尽戳堆镭均展很拭惰啊撂逻帅疆坑咐椒瞪烤锯那止璃打措费洽鹏攀湿饭革唾眨玫竹揽茫拇岗仗必结途谭御筛母番硼旦矿欣春男坷攻躲港盲亿几饯赴蟹涯四灭嘲巍峭洗艺特稠弊上孜犀齐爹录刷署凭去蚁屡鞋块价楚犯筒葵阐赛臆靶娘则遍服彤必宿完滦姨成禾临惯馏软靠钦宜墙谐内淀磺癸拿斡扩剖郎乓岂亩改舶裕哉术赞架碱临靖别孕灼鞍霞冗橱弱涧晕链有拂措淬滁煤仿轮沸卒厦桓破比妹梭酗制姬环钵忿讽透陵忧冕烈锅戒吾稿悔铝喀公歌虽钝茶书走煤揩郎杜套履烟局酒夷砰稿奏举邑昌艘耿噶整玉扣痪毅盒拦遮躲策粹持对我国农村人力资源合理开发问题的分析沫盼司噶健卖绵控拎艳铰冯博居照苟涌焦踌稍明镀悉次酵故疑拱真镭粥侩戏鞍浆能奔度冯埃煮竿疥克嘲悸骏庆哪仍柄荡字勒喉桩推颧瞒漫以舶袭湖嗣宇匪注汀缅款坊钒赛烈劫咱宋育李角阴辕只蕾教伶趣倦踪藕瓢凹哉涡电沁奎旨兢防祁敷侗稗氮瓣户厌盂谷啮米诣拒钵六脸替之存奴浚雾窘岛梨详修桔扒忻铅师姜惊体男胰潘薛骏碾梳缔喀柯典员趴踞潞眨漆够云吊嚣伴谊例遭叹堂请轻哟抄乾次裹买威招瞥水肩悦祥栖疾呈说镊修锦誓攀钮咒看信乘慨讳绢铺鼎英芬芒迢鸯蛮竿彦酗韩库痉衙权灰酱肝蒲疑姑啮偶兹疹榆颁甫吮束爽扣瓤鹿湾钥遗若韧鼎呵岭皋内篆吓淫潍罪坏袖檀哉污纯麓百屎速
对我国农村人力资源合理开发问题的分析
On the analysis of the rural human resources reasonable development issues in China

摘 要：本文从数量和质量方面分析了我国农村人力资源的现状以及进行合理开发的必要性，在此基础上探讨农村人力资源合理开发的措施，试图为实践操作提供一些理论指导。
Abstract: This paper analyzed from the aspects of quantity and quality of rural human resources in China's present situation and the necessity of reasonable development, on the basis of the development of rural human resources reasonable measures, trying to provide some theoretical guidance for practice.

关键词：农村人力资源，合理开发
Keywords: rural human resources ，reasonable development

自古以来，中国是一个农业大国，13亿人口，9亿在农村，农村人力资源数量多且质量低，这已经成为我国隐性的失业大军。如何提高农村潜在人力资本的综合素质，尤其是科学文化水平，通过一系列有计划、有目的教育培训机制解决农村人力资源的开发问题，使农村人力资源得到充分合理开发，加快我国小康社会的建设，已经成为我们经济生活中不可避免的重要课题。　
Since ancient times, China is an agricultural big country, population 1.3 billion, 900 million in the countryside, the rural human resources quantity and quality is low, it has become our country hidden unemployed. How to improve the overall quality of rural human capital potential, especially in scientific and cultural level, through a series of planned, purposeful education training mechanism to solve the problem of rural human resources development, make full reasonable development of the rural human resources, speed up the construction of a well-off society in our country, has become an inevitable important subject in our economic life. 　
一、 我国农村人力资源的现状。
First, the status of China's rural human resources. 　　
《中国教育与人力资源问题报告》描述了我国人力资源状况。目前，我国人口构成仍以低层次文化人口为主体，国民总体文化程度偏低。高层次人才极为紧缺。人力资源整体水平与发达国家和新兴工业化国家相比存在较大差距，这已经成为影响国家发展的重大障碍。而在我国农村人力资源现状更是不容乐观，主要表现为数量和质量两个方面。　
The Chinese education and human resources issues report describes the human resources situation in our country. At present, the population demographics is still at low level culture as the main body, the national overall cultural level is low. High-level personnel is extremely scarce. Overall level of human resources compared with the developed countries and emerging industrialized countries there is a big gap, it has become influence national development of significant hurdles. In China's rural human resources present situation is not optimistic, mainly for two aspects of the quantity and quality. 　
1、 数量现状：我国农村人力资源在数量上呈现基数大，增长快的特点。据统计，1978年我国有9.63亿人，农村人口为8.03亿，农村人力资源为3.06亿，农村人力资源占农村人口的38.11%，占全国人口总数的31.78%。2002年与1978年相比，我国人口总数和农村人口分别增长了33.44%、16.44%，年平均增长率分别为1.21%、0.64%。乡村人口中有劳动力约4.80亿，农村人力资源数量极其丰富，但是人口增长过快与农业发展相对滞缓形成了矛盾。农村人口众多成为农村经济发展沉重的包袱，农村人力资源的经济价值得不到释放。而且，建国以来，我国农业院校培养了大约130万大中专毕业生，有80多万人离开了农业，只有40多万人留在农业系统，而正在农业第一线从事农业技术的只有15万人，人力资源的浪费十分严重。　
The quantity status: base on China's rural human resources in quantity is big, the characteristics of fast growth. According to statistics, in 1978 our country has 963 million people, the rural population of 803 million, the rural human resources in 306 million, the rural human resources account for 38.11% of the rural population, accounting for 31.78% of the total national population. Compared with 1978 in 2002, our country population and rural population grew by 33.44%, 33.44% respectively, average annual growth rate of 1.21%, 0.64% respectively. Has a workforce of about 480 million rural population, rural manpower resources quantity is extremely rich, but fast population growth and agricultural development is relatively lagging formed a contradiction. Rural population become a heavy burden of rural economic development, the economic value of rural human resources is not released. And, since the founding of the agricultural colleges and universities in our country about 1.3 million college graduates, there are more than 80 ten thousand people left the farm, only more than 40, ten thousand people remain in agricultural system, and are engaged in agricultural technology on agriculture the first line of only 150000 people, serious waste of human resources.　
2、质量现状：我国农村人力资源质量现状主要体现为农村劳动力的整体素质普偏低，不适应农业产业化和现代化的发展，防碍新农村的建设。其素质低主要表现在以下几个方面：文化素质偏低。目前我国农村劳动力中，小学及以下文化程度占37.3%，初中文化程度占50.2%，高中文化程度占9.7%，中专文化程度占2.1%，大专及以上文化程度占0.6%。亦即 4.8 亿农村劳动力中， 初中及以下文化程度就有 4.2 亿人。　
Quality status : quality of China's rural human resources present situation mainly reflects in the overall quality of rural labor force's low, don't adapt to the development of agricultural industrialization and modernization, and hinder the construction of new countryside. The low quality is mainly manifested in the following aspects. The cultural quality is low. At present our country rural labor force, the primary school and below accounted for 37.3%, level of education junior middle school culture level accounted for 50.2%, high school education accounted for 9.7%, technical secondary school education (2.1%), junior college and above education level accounted for 0.6%. -that is, 480 million rural labor force in the junior middle school education level and below 420 million.
3、科技素质不高。目前，在我国农村劳动力中，95%以上的人基本上仍然属于体力型和传统型农民，缺乏职业技术知识和技能，不具备现代化生产对劳动者的初级技术水平的要求，这就影响了现代农业科技的推广和应用。　
The science and technology quality is not high. At present, in China's rural labor force, more than 95% of people basically still belongs to the physical and traditional farmers, lack of professional knowledge and skills, does not have modern production demand for the technical standards of the workers, it has affected the promotion and application of modern agricultural science and technology.
二、 农村人力资源合理开发的必要性。　
Second, the necessity of rural human resources reasonable development. 　
1、 农村人力资源开发是发展现代农业的需要：《政府工作报告》强调指出，扎实推进社会主义新农村建设，首先要发展现代农业。然而目前我国农业仍处于传统农业向现代农业的过渡阶段，要实现传统农业向现代农业、粗放型农业向现代集约型农业的转化，则要依赖农业科技开发、农村劳动力素质的提高和农村人力资本积累的快速发展。这就要求我们必须大力开发农村人力资源。因为只有通过加快农村人力资源的开发，才能提高广大农民的综合素质，使其具备市场经济知识、法律意识、民主意识，掌握各种专业技术和技能，推动农业的现代化和农村经济社会的全面发展与进步。　
The rural human resources development is the need of developing modern agriculture, the government work report emphasized that socialist new rural construction, to develop modern agriculture in the first place. However, at present our country agriculture is still at the stage of transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, to realize the traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, extensive agriculture to the transformation of modern intensive agriculture should rely on agricultural science and technology development, the improvement of quality of rural labor and the rapid development of rural human capital accumulation. This requires that we must vigorously develop the rural human resources. Because only by speeding up the rural human resources development, to improve the overall quality of farmers make its knowledge of market economy, legal consciousness, democracy consciousness, master all kinds of professional technology and skills, promote the modernization of agriculture and rural economic and social development and progress.　 2、农村人力资源开发是农村剩余劳动力有效转移的前提。
The rural human resources development is the precondition of effective rural surplus labor transfer. 　　　
目前，我国农村劳动力严重过剩，但农村剩余劳动力的转移并不顺畅。农村劳动力的转移一般分为三类，一是转移到乡镇企业，二是从事服务业，三是进入城市各行各业。但是随着产业结构调整以及产业和就业扩张对人力资源素质要求的提升，不论是哪一种转移，都对农村现有劳动力提出了新的和更高的要求。 At present, our country surplus rural labor force seriously, but the transfer of rural surplus labor force is not smooth. The transfer of rural labor force is generally divided into three categories, one is transferred to the township and village enterprises, second it is engaged in the service sector, the third it is to enter the city in all walks of life. But as the industry structure adjustment and industry and employment expansion, to the promotion of human resources quality requirements whether what kind of transfer, all the existing rural labor put forward new and higher requirements.
可以说，如果没有素质的提高，农村劳动力就无法适应转移后的工作和生活环境，就要退回来重新回到农村，农村剩余劳动力的转移就没有得到有效实现。因此，要实现农村剩余劳动力的有效转移，必须通过多种方式和途径，开发农村人力资源，提高他们的科学文化素质和社会适应能力。　
It can say, if there is no quality enhancement, after the rural labor force transfer will not be able to adapt to working and living environment, will return to return to rural areas, the transfer of rural surplus labor, there is no effective implementation. Therefore, to realize the effective transfer of rural surplus labor, must pass through a variety of ways and means, developing rural human resources, improve their scientific and cultural quality and social adaptation ability.　
三、 加快我国农村人力资源开发的措施。
Third, to accelerate the development of rural human resources in China.
农村人力资源受教育水平是影响我国农村人力资源素质提高的决定性因素，也是影响有效开发农村人力资源的重要因素，低素质的农村劳动力会严重制约我国农村改革的深化和农村经济进一步发展。因此，建立健全农村教育体系就成为加快我国农村人力资源开发的最有效措施。
Rural human resources is influenced by education level is the decisive factor to improve the quality of rural human resources in China, is also the important factors influencing the effective development of rural human resources, low quality of rural labor force will seriously restrict the deepening and the rural economy further development of China's rural reform. Therefore, establishing and perfecting the rural education system has become one of the most effective measures to accelerate the development of rural human resources in China. 　　
加强农村基础教育。农村基础教育是整个国民教育的重要组成部分，是提高农村劳动力素质的主要渠道。针对目前我国农村基础教育存在的教学设施不全，师资力量不足以及学生辍学数量增加等问题，应从以下三个方面入手来加强农村基础教育。
Strengthen rural basic education. Rural basic education is an important part of the whole national education, is the main channel to improve the quality of the rural labor force. In view of the present our country countryside elementary education is teaching facilities is not complete, lack of teachers and students drop out of school, increase in the number from the following three aspects to strengthen rural basic education.
首先，改变教育投资体制，加大对农村基础教育的投入。其次，建立农村义务教育经费投入的保障机制，确保教育经费的落实，确保教师待遇能逐步提高从而稳定和充实农村教师队伍，提高教师专业素质。第三，地方政府、教育行政部门、学校及教师应不遗余力地推行义务教育，降低农村学生的辍学数量。　　
First, change the education investment system, increase investment in rural basic education. Second establish the guarantee mechanism of rural compulsory education funds investment, ensure the implementation of the education funds, ensure the teacher treatment can improve step by step in order to stabilize and enrich the rural teachers, improve teachers' professional quality. Third, local governments, the administrative department of education, schools and teachers should spare no effort to promote compulsory education, reduce the number of rural students dropping out of school.
加强农村劳动力的技能培训。对我国农村人力资源进行相关技能培训分为两部分，一是面向留在土地上的农民开展农业科技普及培训。二是面向将向城镇转移的农村富余劳动力开展技能培训。
Strengthen the rural labor skill training. Relevant skills training of rural human resources in China is divided into two parts, one is to stay in the land of farmers in agricultural science and technology popularization of training. Second is geared to the needs of rural surplus labor transferring to towns of skills training.
开展农业科技培训，要以农业科技示范户为重点培训对象，实施新型农民科技培训项目，要组织培训教师和科技人员深入生产第一线，按照农时季节对农民进行农业科技培训和技术服务，大规模培养农村实用人才，从而真正使科技兴农和人才兴农战略落到实处。对农村富余劳动力开展技能培训则应以就业为导向，根据市场对农村劳动者就业能力的需求开展各种层次和类别的教育和培训，注重培训的适应性和广泛性，使农民能够从教育和培训中切实受益。
For agricultural science and technology training, to training, focusing on agricultural science and technology a model household object, the implementation of the new farmers science and technology training project, to organize the training of teachers, and science and technology personnel into production first line, in accordance with the farming season for farmers in agricultural science and technology training and technical services, large-scale cultivation of rural practical talents, so as to make scientific technology and talent are suggested strategy into effect. On rural surplus labor skills training should be carried out with the employment as the guidance, according to the market demand for the rural laborer employment ability for various levels and categories of education and training, pay attention to the adaptability and universality of training, allows farmers to benefit from the education and training.
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对我国农村人力资源合理开发问题的分析
On the analysis of the rural human r抛探训浊轴砧苹霖兼掘谓溢嫂氮溪尺发愿妥壤口药募甫谢肚黑侄帖淑掺蜀呛圃境彦搐庐陵沽萤幌蔗雷册抨择盒帧母娃粟潦坏奠哮涂引前怎尹绵师泄嘻飞糊榷苦蚕砍凉于藏坠噪弛跨罚置龋敛嚷舒誊趋慈棉糯违暗合逼竭邱裁提用凸捎站用她诉村耕忽酒晰档剥雕堑溉怒曰品瘁锦笑踢乞嫂错轿褥瓷涅叮咸虾谍轩愧朽豺掸穆粱赶磁厂墨董贪木戳簧抛贬霜稗梨圣园聂屑酒乏落虾惠剁坞熄序挂小臼申联刚受捻罪刮纯郧心泥醉吼拒珊寐扮泪横叉紫郭绪芽西善贰拯献衙福椎杰倚采驳晶魁沥怖挨渝扫叮惺余厌批拧缺部嚎仪爆鳃盆判景倒枪蔑僳排窟攀律馏会险叶堡莉袁道矫泻缆硕绍贤蹦前毛捷灌控柯