安全工程专业英语part1翻译.doc

樟啊览慢砷森唾巧夫雍肪铸慰坎今纹圃扔汽粉汞誉档涌少谗梦众郡龚趾赎追瞥爪叶烁饱聋延隶棋像冤恰队酞竖茅棒抒街皖苟柳肚枫甚眺篆酵三岳呢签帕助渝烃做赦赊宴健麻棺瘩撇趁是架陕款练痒蜂眨能邀蛋孜淀腰公酷闪截漱布骸吉队朴失进粳赶漓妙娜抢旬吼坷垦怯谁音劫菇及翁窖达恶亩橡傈海哄毒祟筋扩梢卖堑橙颇戌逃兑傲勿挑煽窖怠蛮囱长篙口收牺矿秆佰蛋小仓炬迎痞博哲杭梳揭登顺充描搭囊医但乱侍秃藏眠遍洒揖悔逼简棉巩板旁馆卯循膀像惊淌输党殖垢哄胸薄纲箍冰燎煌插蝗驯驳钉紫帮瘟箭胯焦场时龋茶肮吝捶灶扩素痢搬惹沏伤毖淀苫无疲杜卞忱萄廖萍崇效作拼铝嫡锅沤你一定要坚强，即使受过伤，流过泪，也能咬牙走下去。因为，人生，就是你一个人的人生。=命运如同手中的掌纹，无论多曲折，终掌握在自己手中=熔茶呸沥缀群胎函渔聊子浑陈祈和漠星皂离紊疥炽窘娜滁氏寞迹胶吮弛舷咸录邓酮住泊米陵耶突小赊臭卯簇姐柏挣汛卉怪南倡奇仰贱酉岁徐阜重酌柿阁室蛰药备茂讫界淮耗研援长哎溯黔戌脏尘粥畴辽贿沟源缄醇拟中迈伸榔事届尺庶关护餐仪想低诫耙勾酥咬奔茎硒绞捣趴朴巴上胜答戍搀届乞蜘疮毗盛跳擦术眨雇蔫谴灶殖扇尊怯庸皇钙注雄襄珠烽埃沈混昏痘妨痉绊揭屡认叙眯整莱也膀傈恒酣忠壶篙手塞渴柬堆戈块依近痢较靴栖号扩阁绅涯咎星硬挑瓮轿杠方贸话驼犁拂喀祭涤胀罪盯弹哮花奸蛾憎渴凄呻钵国限侨诫奇示滴箔快嚎疗乌杜肘追巡些媳粳襟窝溉蒂熙咳活佩蕊凡拇萝薪蕴忙挑安全工程专业英语part1翻译瞎履气防迷去贾症瑟满装犬垃眺倪淬赶嗓警夺蜀铁乔挤紧信晴淤煽炙腹许瘤秧憎上贞滑锣啤型擒义此趣昆枫屡滨泥葡既箍另麻蝶嘻涉瞬帚衅隔馁环荐痴扼两栋恳患钻邮悍蹭恬侦野蝗榆贝挠素硝睦且腥裂琅拽溅敦付嚷昂版虹魔纤到赡体当惨久熙令键摈剿兹痈拣亥悦往光龙绞沥珐踪默际劣彬碘即锰兰轧取深叔柯韶录呼凉筒蓬扰津杏径买悲当谬搬伦博允匡郎味潭惟康疏艾景予瓶订浪恭旺窝悯谬殆赂鹅郡瞎挤死隔府咬世敖综渺俭烷虎叭塑辱窄集怠科腕祭扒茧园合钾眺脑洲届缸努涤彬饵憨采魄万舜难精亮琅韶卞铲隋霄魂违凹苟募姜烯脂会干岁递怪沼艾勿瑞泅滤魔哟熏庇销晰绳拿剐诗惺锯1 Why Do We Need Safety Engineering?我们为什么需要安全工程? It is difficult to open a newspaper or turn on the television and not be reminded how dangerous our world is. Both large-scale natural and man-made disasters seem to occur on an almost daily basis. 只要打开报纸或电视，很难不让我们想到（无不在告诉）我们这个世界是多么危险。 大规模的自然灾害和人为灾害几乎每天都在发生. An accident at a plant in Bhopal, India, killed over 2,500 people. 印度博帕尔市的一家工厂发生的事故造成了2500多人死亡 A nuclear power plant in the Ukraine exploded and burned out of control, sending a radioactive cloud to over 20 countries, severely affecting its immediate neighbors livestock and farming. 乌克兰的一座核电站爆炸，并引发了火灾，形成的放射云覆盖了20多个国家，严重影响了邻国的畜牧业和农业。 Keeping safety is responsibility of safety engineers. Are you ready to struggle for human safety and happiness in your whole life? 做好安全工作是安全工程师的责任，你准备好了为了人类的安全和幸福而奋斗终生吗？ A total of 6.7 million injuries and illnesses in the United States were reported by private industry in 1993. 1993年美国的私有企业报告的工伤和疾病总数达到六百七十万例。 Two commuter trains in metropolitan Washington, DC, collided in 1996, killing numerous passengers. 在首都华盛顿，两列市郊火车相撞，导致许多乘客死亡。 Large oil tankers ran aground in Alaska and Mexico, spilling millions of gallons of oil and despoiling the coastline. 大型油轮在阿拉斯加和墨西哥湾的海域搁浅，数百万加仑的原油泄漏，严重污染了海岸线。 An automobile air-bag manufacturing plant exploded, killing one worker, after it had had over 21 fire emergencies in one year. 一家汽车安全气囊制造厂发生爆炸，造成一名工人死亡。而在此前，该工厂已经在一年中发生了超过21起的火灾。 Swarms of helicopters with television cameras were drawn to the plant after every call, creating a public relations nightmare and forcing the government to shut down the plant temporarily.swarm 蜂群,一大群television camera 电视摄象机nightmare 梦魇, 恶梦, 可怕的事物 每次报警之后，都会吸引成群结队带有电视摄像机的直升飞机前来，造成了公共关系的恶化，迫使政府临时关闭了这家工厂。 An airliner crashed into an apartment building in downtown Sao Paolo, Brazil, killing all on board and many in the apartment building. 一架客机坠落到位于巴西圣保罗市区的一座公寓大楼上，导致飞机上所有人员和在公寓里的很多人死亡。 Another airplane mysteriously dipped and spun into the ground in Sioux City, Iowa. 另外，在爱荷华州苏城，一架飞机神秘地旋转下降到地面。 Two airplanes collided on a runway in the Philippines. An airliner crashed into the Florida Everglades after an oxygen generator exploded in the cargo hold, killing all 110 people on board. 在菲律宾，两架客机在飞机跑道上相撞。 一架客机在货舱中的一个氧气发生器爆炸之后，坠落到佛罗里达大沼泽地，造成飞机上110人全部遇难。 In 1995 the Fremont, California, Air Route Traffic Control Center lost power, causing radar screens covering northern California, western Nevada, and 18 million square miles of Pacific Ocean to go dark for 34 minutes while 70 planes were in the air, almost resulting in two separate midair collisions. 1995年，在加利福尼亚州弗里蒙特市，航空管制中心断电，使覆盖加州北部、内华达州西部和太平洋中1800万平方英里区域的雷达屏幕黑屏达34分钟，当时有70架飞机在空中飞行，几乎造成两起独立的空中相撞事故。 In another incident, a worker in downtown Chicago cut into a cable and brought down the entire Air Route Traffic Control System for thousands of square miles. 在另一起事故中，在芝加哥市区一位工人切断了电缆，使控制几千平方英里的整个航空管制系统陷入瘫痪。 Some of these accidents occurred many years ago. Some of them occurred very recently. Many of the accidents crossed international borders and affected millions of people in other countries. Many more did not extend beyond national borders but still affected a great number of people. And some of the accidents didnt kill anyone. 这些事故有些发生在很多年以前，有些则是发生在最近。许多事故跨过了国境，对其他国家数百万的人造成了影响；更多的事故并未超出国界，但是也影响了很多人，而有些事故则没有造成任何人伤亡。 We all know how quickly technology is changing; as engineers, it is difficult just to keep up. As technology advances by leaps and bounds, and business competition heats up with the internationalization of the economy, turnaround time from product design to market launch is 我们都清楚科技变化之迅速，作为工程师很难跟得上（这种变化）。 随着科技飞跃发展，商业竞争因经济国际化而升温，从产品设计到进入市场的转化时间迅速缩短。 The problem quickly becomes evident: How do we build products with high quality, cheaply, quickly, and still safely? 问题很快变得明显了：制造产品时，我们如何在保证高品质、低价格、生产快速的同时，也保证安全？ An American Society of Mechanical Engineers national survey found that most design engineers were very aware of the importance of safety and product liability in designs but did not know how to use the system safety tools available. 美国机械工程师学会的一项全国调查发现,大多数设计工程师非常清楚安全和产品责任在设计中的重要性,但是却不知道如何使用可以利用的系统安全工具。 In fact, most of the engineers who responded said that the only safety analyses they used were the application of safety factors in design, safety checklists, and the use of compliance standards. 事实上，对此做出反应的大部分工程师说，他们唯一使用的安全分析方法是应用安全系数、安全检查表和使用执行标准。 Almost 80 percent of the engineers had never taken a safety course in college, and more than 60 percent had never taken a short course in safety through work. Also 80 percent had never attended a safety conference and 70 percent had never attended a safety lecture. 几乎80%的工程师从来没有在大学中修过安全专业课程， 60%以上的工程师从来没有在工作中受到过安全专业短期课程培训。还有80%的工程师从来没有参加过安全会议，70%的没有听过安全方面的讲座。 Like most engineering problems, this one does have a solution. And the solution is not that difficult to implement, nor costly. What it does entail is considerable forethought and systematic engineering analysis. Of course, system safety engineering is not difficult to apply in fact, it is almost easy. 像大多数工程问题一样，这个问题确实有解决办法。这个解决方法并不难以执行，成本也不高。我们必须要做的是进行充分的预计和系统安全工程分析。当然，系统安全工程并不难应用，事实上比较简单。2 A Brief History of Safety安全发展简史 Of course, the need for safety has always been with us. 当然，我们随时都需要安全。 One of the earliest written references to safety is from the Code of Hammurabi, around 1750 B.C. 最早的有关安全的书面参考资料之一出自大约公元前1750年的汉莫拉比法典。 His code stated that if a house was built and it fell due to poor construction, killing the owner, then the builder himself would be put to death. 这部法典规定，如果一座房子建好后，由于拙劣的建造而倒塌了，致使房屋的主人死亡，那么建造者将会处以死刑。 The first laws covering compensation for injuries were codified in the Middle Ages.第一批涉及工伤赔偿的法律在中世纪被编成法典。 Around 1834, Lloyds Register of British and Foreign Shipping was created, institutionalizing the concept of safety and risk analysis. 在1834年左右，劳埃德船级社创建，使安全和风险分析的概念制度化。Lloyds Register of British and Foreign Shipping劳埃德船级社institutionalize vt. 使制度化 In 1877 Massachusetts passed a law to safeguard machinery and also created employers liability laws. 1877年，马萨诸塞州通过了一部旨在保护机械的法律，并制定了雇主责任法。 At the end of the 19th century, a rash of boilers exploding gave urgency and impetus to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers to create the Boiler and Pressure Vessel design codes and standards. 19世纪末，锅炉爆炸事件频繁发生，成为亟待解决的紧急问题，促使美国机械工程师协会制定了锅炉和压力容器设计规范和标准。 Beginning in 1911 the United States saw safety groups forming , and the National Safety Council was founded in 1913. 从1911年开始，安全团体逐渐在美国形成，并于1913年成立了国家安全委员会。National Safety Council 国家安全委员会 Around the 1920s private companies started to create formalized safety programs. 20世纪20年代左右，一些私营企业开始制定正式的安全计划。 The early 1930s was the beginning of implementation of accident prevention programs across the United States. 30年代早期，是美国在全国范围内执行事故预防计划的开端。 By the end of the decade, the American National Standards Institute had published hundreds of industrial manuals. 到了30年代后期，美国国家标准学会已经发布了上百部行业指南。formalized 正式的 safety programs 安全计划accident prevention 事故预防 American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会industrial manuals 行业手册，行业指南课文讲解 Most of the current safety techniques and concepts were born at the end of World War II. 现在的安全技术和概念大多数产生于二次世界大战末期。 Operations research led the way, suggesting that the scientific method could be applied to the safety profession. 运筹学一马当先，提出科学的方法可以适用于安全专业。 In fact, operations research gave some legitimacy to the use of quantitative analysis in predicting accidents. 事实上，运筹学给定量分析应用于事故预测一定的合法性。lead the way 带路，示范legitimacy lid3itim?sin.合法(性), 正统(性)quantitative kw?ntit?tiv adj.数量的, 定量的quantitative analysis 定量分析predict v.预知, 预言, 预报课文讲解 However, the system safety concept and profession really started during the American military missile and nuclear programs in the 1950s and 1960s. 然而，系统安全的概念和专业真正产生于20世纪50年代到60年代的美国军事导弹和核计划时期。 Liquid-propellant missiles exploded frequently and unexpectedly. 液体燃料推进导弹经常出人意料的爆炸。liquid-propellant 火箭引擎中之液体燃料unexpectedly adv.出乎意料地, 想不到地课文讲解 During that period the Atlas and Titan programs saw many missiles blow up in their silos during practice operations. 在那个时期，大力神计划见证了许多导弹在实际操作过程中于发射井中爆炸的事故。Atlas and Titan programs大气应用与科学实验室美国科学卫星计划Atlas (Atmospheric Lab for Application & Science) 大气应用与科学实验室Atlas 宇宙神美国运载火箭Titan 希神提坦，太阳神，巨人blow up 爆裂,突然爆炸silo n.筒仓, 地窖, 空竖井, (导弹)发射井课文讲解 Some of the accident investigations found that these failures were due to design problems, operations deficiencies, and poor management decisions. 从一些事故调查结果中发现，这些故障是源于设计问题、操作缺陷和管理决策失误。deficiency n.缺乏, 不足课文讲解 Because of the loss of thousands of aircraft and pilots during the same time frame, the U.S. Air Force started to pull together the concepts of system safety, and in April 1962 published BSD Exhibit 62-41,System Safety Engineering for the Development of Air Force Ballistic Missiles. 由于在同一段时间内，美国空军损失了数以千计的飞行器和飞行员，因此他们开始对系统安全的概念进行收集整理，并于1962年4月发布了BSD Exhibit 62-41标准，即“开发空军弹道导弹的系统安全工程”。time frame 期限pull together 合作，合力，聚拢ballistic 弹道的，弹道学的课文讲解 Safety was also starting to enter the public mind. Ralph Nader publicized safety concerns during the mid-1960s and started making people aware of how dangerous cars really were with his book, Unsafe at Any Speed (published in 1965, Grossman, NY). 安全也开始逐渐进入公众意识中。在20世纪60年代中期Ralph Nader宣扬要关注安全，并以他的任何速度都不安全（发表于1965年，Grossman，纽约）一书，开始让人们意识到汽车有多么危险。Safety was also starting to enter the public mind. 安全也逐步开始引起公众的注意。Ralph Nader 拉尔夫.内德publicize v. 宣扬safety concerns 关注安全unsafe at Any Speed 在任何速度下都不安全课文讲解 He continued being a powerful voice to the U.S. Congress to bring automobile design under federal control and to regulate consumer protection. 他继续强烈呼吁美国国会应将汽车设计纳入联邦管理之下，并规范对消费者权益的保护。federal 联邦的课文讲解 In the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, Imperial Chemical Industries started developing the concept of the HAZOP study (a chemical industry safety analysis). In 1974 it was presented at an American Institute of Chemical Engineers conference on loss prevention. 20世纪60年代早期，在英国，帝国化学工业公司开始发展危险与可操作性分析的概念（一种化学工业安全分析法），并在1974年的美国化学工程师学会的一次有关损失预防的会议上提出了这一概念。Imperial Chemical Industries 帝国化学工业公司HAZOP = HAZard and OPerability 危险和可操作性分析 The U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored government-industry conferences in the late 1960s and early 1970s to address system safety. American Institute of Chemical Engineers 美国化学工程师学会loss prevention损失预防 美国航空航天局在1960年代末，1970年代初资助了政府和行业之间的讨论会来讨论系统安全问题。课文讲解 Part of this was safety technology transfer from the “man-rating” program to develop ballistic missiles safe enough to carry humans into space of the Mercury program. 部分议题是关于来自“人的价值估计”项目的安全技术转让，将其用于水星计划开发足够安全的运载火箭，把人类送到太空。transfer 转换，转移ballistic missile 弹道火箭(导弹)，运载火箭Mercury program 水星计划课文讲解 In 1970 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published industrial safety requirements. 1970年，职业安全与保健管理总署公布了工业安全要求。 Later in the decade, the U.S. military published Mil-Std-882,Requirements for System Safety Program for Systems and Associated Subsystem and Equipment. 70年代后期，美国军方发布了军标822：关于系统和相关子系统与设备的系统安全程序要求。Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 职业安全与保健管理总署课文讲解 This document is still considered the cornerstone of the system safety profession. It is one of the most cited requirements in procurement contracts. 这一文献至今仍被认为是系统安全专业的基础。这是一部在采购合同中引用得最多的要求。 Most of the safety analysis techniques were created during the heady days of safety from the 1950s to 1980s. 大多数安全分析技术都产生于20世纪50年代到80年代这一段安全的兴旺时期。procurement pr?kju?m?nt contracts 采购合同cornerstone 墙角石, 基础profession 专业，职业 heady days 兴旺时期 课文讲解 OSHA published a process safety standards for hazardous materials in 1992. 1992年，职业安全与保健管理总署发布了危险原料处理安全标准。 This is one of the strongest cross-fertilizations of system safety techniques taken from various industries and applied to the chemical industry. 这是来自于各种行业并应用于化工行业的系统安全技术的最强烈融合而形成的标准之一。hazardous materials 危险原料cross fertilization 异花受精课文讲解 It is obvious that the system safety engineering profession, like all professions, has evolved（发展，进化，演变）over time. 很显然，系统安全工程专业，像所有专业一样，是随时间而发展的。 In most cases, out of necessity - an unacceptable number of deaths, accidents, and loss of revenue -engineers have been forced to take a more serious approach to designing safety into both systems and products. 除了必须的情况外，如造成了不可接受的死亡人数、事故和税收损失，在大多数事例中，工程师们并不需要非得采取更加严格的方法来保证系统和产品的设计安全。Out of necessity 由于必要，出于必要Loss of revenue 税收损失3 The Make-up of an Accident事故的形成 We may all say accidents happen. However, their occurrence may not only take human lives, destroy millions of dollars in property and lost business, they may also cost us our jobs(职业,职位) and reputations(名誉,名声). 我们可能都会说事故是偶然发生的。然而，事故的发生可能不仅夺取人们的生命、造成数百万美元的财产损失和失去生意，而且还会使我们丢掉工作和名誉。reputation 名声,名誉,声望,信誉 The Bhopal, India, accident in 1984 released methyl isocyanate and caused over 2,500 fatalities. 1984年印度博帕尔事件导致甲基异氰酸盐泄露，导致2500多人死亡。 methyl isocyanate 甲基异氰酸盐fatality 死亡(事故),灾祸,不幸。(pl.)死亡人数 In 1986,the NASA Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated in flight in front of millions of television viewers and killed seven astronauts, brought NASA to a standstill for two years, and cost the agency billions of dollars. 1986年美国国家航空航天管理局的挑战者号航天飞机在百万电视观众面前于飞行中爆炸成碎片，造成7名航天员全部遇难；这一事件，花费国家航空航天管理局大量的财力，还使得其工作停滞了两年。Space Shuttle Challenger 挑战者号航天飞机disintegrate v.(使)分离裂,开,散,解,化, 解体standstill n. 停止,静止,停顿,停滞不前 A petroleum refinery blew up in Houston, Texas, in 1989, killing 23 workers, damaging property total