跨文化-第二章-communication-and-culture.ppt

Chapter 2Communication and Culture.C O N T E N T SDefinitions of CultureCharacteristics of Culture12目录.Definitions of Culture1.Culture is ubiquitous,multidimensional,complex and all-pervasive.Definitions of culture are numerous.Kroeber&kluckhohn(1952)listed 164 definitions of the culture that they found in the anthropology literature.Culture is everything.Culture is opera,art and ballet.narrow.Hoebel and Frost:culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritence.Two reasons:1.Culture is learned.2.Each individual is confined at birth to a specific geographic location and thus exposed to certain messages while denied others.Bates and Plog:Culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another,and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.This definition includes not only patterns of behavior but also patterns of thoughts.Final definition:We define culture as the deposit of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Characteristics of Culture2.Characteristics of Culture Thediscoveryofculture,theawarenessthatitshapesandmoldsourbehavior,our values and even our ideas,the recognition that itcontains some element of the arbitrary,can be a startling or anilluminatingexperience.Shapiro.Regardlessofhowmanydefinitionswecouldhaveexamined,therewouldhavebeenagreatdealofagreementconcerningtheeightmajorcharacteristicsofculture.a)Cultureislearned.b)Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.c)Cultureisbasedonsymbols.d)Cultureissubjecttochangee)Cultureisintegrated.f)Cultureisethnocentric.g)Cultureisadaptive.Two reasons:1.As we move through these characteristics,the strong connection between culture and communication will become apparent.2.Perhaps this might be the first time we have been exposed to culture.Types of CultureDominant CultureUmbrella CultureMainstream CultureEuropean Americansthe one in power.Question:why do white males meet the requirements of dominance in the United States?They are in positions of power in every single major institution in this country.Their power enables them to determine and manipulate the content and flow of the messages produced by those institutions.Their power allow them to influence what people think,what they aspire to be,and what they talk about.Characteristics of Culture1.Culture is learned.1.Culture is learned.2.Culture is learned.“the groups knowledge stored up(in memories,books and objects)for future use”is at the core of the concept of culture.All of us are born with basic needsneeds that create and shape behaviorbut how we go about meeting those needs and developing behaviors to cope with them is learned.EnculturationEnculturation is the total activity of learning ones culture.Enculturation is conscious or unconscious conditioning occurring within that process where by the individual,as child and adult,achieves competence in a particular culture.-Hobel&FrostinteractionobservationimitationProcess:.Frominfancy,membersofaculturelearntheirpatternsofbehaviorandwaysofthinkinguntilmostofthembecomeinternalizedandhabitual.Welearnourcultureinmanywaysandfromavarietyofsources.e.g.e.g.1.The little boy in the United States whose grandfather tells him to shake hands when he is introduced to a friend of the family is learning culture.2.The Arab boy who is reading the Koran when he or she is one day old is learning culture.3.The Indian child who lives in a home where the women eat after the men is learning culture.4.The Jewish child who helps conduct the Passover ceremony is learning culture.5.The French child who is given hard cider at dinner is learning culture.Conscious Learning at the second(cognitive)levelUnconscious Learning at the first levelCulture LearningConclusion:a)Learningculturalconceptions,rules,andbehaviorsusuallygoesonwithoutourbeingawareofit.b)The essential messages of a culture get reinforced and repeated.c)We learn our culture from a large variety of sources.Characteristics of Culture1.1 We learn our culture through proverbs.1.1 We learn our culture through proverbs.2.We learn our culture through We learn our culture through proverbs.proverbs.Theysaythingsthatpeoplethinkimportantinwaysthatpeopleremember.Theyexpresscommonconcerns.Seidensticker1.Proverbsarelearnedeasilyandrepeatedwithgreatregularity,theysoonbecomepartofanindividualsbeliefsystem.2.Allpeoplesharecommonexperience,manyofthesameproverbsappearthroughouttheworld.Proverbs are a compact treatise on the values of culture.Reason:.e.g.1.afewproverbsfromtheUnitedStatesa)Strikewhiletheironishot.-IntheUnitedStates,peoplewhotakequickactionisvalued.b)Actionsspeakerlouderthanwords.-Americansarea“doing”culture,henceactivityand“gettingthingsdone”areimportanttothedominantculture.c)Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.-ThissayingcallsattentiontothestrongbeliefinAmericathatpeopleshouldshowinitiative.2.someproverbsfromplacesotherthantheUnitedStates a)Aproverbislikeaswifthorse.-TheYorubasofAfricabelievethatpeoplearenotqualifiedtotakepartincommunaldiscussionsunlesstheyarealsotoquotetheproverbsrelevanttoeachsituation.The“swifthorse”proverbsimplyunderscorestheimportanceofproverbstothisculture.b)Onedoesnomakethewindbutisblownbyit.-Thissaying,foundinmanyAsiancultures,suggeststhatpeopleareguidedbyfateratherthanbytheirowndevices.c)Evenifthebridgebemadeofstone,makesureitissafe.-ThisKoreansayingexpressesthewisdomofgoingslowlyandbeingcautiousandreflective.d)Nothing done with intelligence is done withoutspeech.-ThisGreeksayingemphasizestheimportanceoftalkasameansofcommunication.e)Wisdomisbetterthanjewels.-ThisJewishsayingexpressestheimportanceoflearningandeducation.f)Azebradoesnotdespiseitsstripes.-FromtheMassaiofAfrica,thissayingexpressesthevalueofacceptingthingsastheyare,ofacceptingoneselfasoneis,andofnotenvyingothers.g)Amanstongueishissword.-Withthissaying,Arabsaretaughttovaluewordsandusetheminapowerfulandforcefulmanner.h)Hewhostirsanothersporridgeoftenburnshisown.-TheSwedish,averyprivatepeople,teachthevalueofprivacywiththeproverb.i)Howevercrowdedthewaybe,thehenwillreachhereggs.-TheAfricanproverbstressestheloveofamotherforherchildren.j)Whenspiderwebsunitetheycantieupalion.-ThisEthiopianproverbteachestheimportanceofcollectivismandgroupsolidarity.k)Wearealllikewellbuckets,onegoesupandtheothercomesdown.-ThisproverbexpressesMexicansbeliefthatlifeisaseriesofopposites-lifeanddeath,illnessandhealth,painandpleasure.Therearethousandsofproverbsfromhundredsofcultures,andeachoffersspecificdefinitionsandinstructionsaboutlife.Characteristics of Culture1.2 We learn our culture from 1.2 We learn our culture from folk tales,legends,and myths.folk tales,legends,and myths.2.We learn our culture from folktales,legends,and myths.We learn our culture from folktales,legends,and myths.The stories each culture tells their people,whether in the form of folk tales,legends,or myths,are all intended to transmit the culture from person to person and from generation to generation.FolkloresFolkloresconstantlyreinforceourfundamentalvalues.2.Columbus being glorified because he was daring.3.Cinderellas story being well known worldwide with varied version given different emphasis by different cultures e.g.1.Pinocchiosnosegrowinglargerbecauseofhislies.TalesEveryculturehasthousandsoftales,eachstressingafundamentalvalue.e.g.e.g.1.Americans revere the tough,independent,fast-shoot cowboy of the Old West.2.The English Admiration of good manners,courtly behavior,and dignity is reflected in the Canterbury Tales.3.The Japanese learn about the importance of duty,obligation and loyalty in the ancient story of The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin.Myths Myths are useful tools for teaching culture because they cover a wide range of cultural concerns.Perhaps their most significant contribution is that they deal with the ideas that matter most to a culture-ideas about life,death,relationships,nature and the like.Characteristics of Culture1.3 We learn our culture through art.1.3 We learn our culture through art.2.We learn our culture through art.We learn our culture through art.A trip to any museum in the world quickly reveals how the art of culture is yet another method of passing on that culture.In Asian cultures,most art depicts objects,anmials,and landscapes,seldom focusing on people.Because Asians believe that nature is more powerful and important than a single individualWhy?.American and European art,however,often emphasizes people.Why?because Americans and Europeans consider people as the center of the universe.Characteristics of Culture1.4 We learn our culture through mass media.1.4 We learn our culture through mass media.2.We learn our culture through mass media.We know the world thorough mass media including television,movie,newspapers and so on and thus different culture is learned worldwide.Conclusion a)Most of the behavior we label as cultural are not only automatic and invisible,but also engaged in without our being aware of them.b)Common experiences produce common behaviors.The sharing of experience and behavior binds members and makes a culture unique.THANK YOU FOR WATCHINGThanks for watching.