研究生英语写作教程.ppt

COMPARISONANDCONTRAST比较与对比比较与对比教学重点：教学重点：1）比较与对比的段落的写作手法；）比较与对比的段落的写作手法；2）常）常用表达法和基本句型；用表达法和基本句型；3）连接词的运用。）连接词的运用。教学难点：教学难点：段落的两种结构方式。段落的两种结构方式。教学内容：教学内容：1Conceptsofcomparisonandcontrast2Strategies3Usefulexpressionsandsentencepatterns4Connectives11.PicturesBrainstormingGeneratingIdeas22.WritingStrategiesIn making contrast,we have to compare.There is noother way to point out the difference,i.e.the contrast.Whatisofgreatimportanceistoknowthatprofessionalwriters frequently use these two strategies to developparagraphs.Therearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonandcontrast.One way is to examineone thingthoroughlyand thenstarttheotherAllaboutpattern;Theotherwayistoexamine two things at the same time,discussing thempointbypointSeesawpattern.32.1Toexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenstarttheother.Focus:Theaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder.Pattern:A1,A2,A3;B1B2,B3.（AllaboutPattern）Example:Contrast1Myhometownisquite different from what it used to be.Subtopic:2Just a little more that ten years ago myhometownwasasmallquietplace.A（1）3Thehousesweresmallandmean.A（2）3Thestreetswereforthemostpartnarrowandwinding.A（3）3Therewerefewpeopleinthestreetsandshops.4Subtopic:2Now,everythinghaschanged.B（1）:3Lookingineverydirectionfromthecenterofthetown,oneseesalongsuccessionofgiant,imposingbuildings.B（2）:3Thestreets,whetherlongorshort,arestraight,spacious,andwell-shaded.B（3）:3Crowdsofpeoplecanbefoundhereandthere,hurrying,noisy,andwell-dressed.C From a dull little village with clusters of shabbyhouses in the past,my hometown has nowtransformed into a big city,cheerful,colorful,andprosperous.52.2Toexaminetwothingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint.Focus:Aspectsexaminedintwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder.Pattern:A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3(SeesawPattern)Example:comparison.1Despitetheirobviousdifferencesinlength,theparagraphandtheessayarequite similar structurally.A（1）:2Forexample,theparagraphisintroducedbyeitheratopicsentenceoratopicintroducerfollowedbyatopicsentence.B（1）:2Intheessay,thefirstparagraphprovidesintroductorymaterialandestablishesthetopicfocus.A（2）:2Next,thesentencesinthebodyofaparagraphdevelopthetopicsentence.B（2）:2Similarly,thebodyofanessayconsistsofanumberofparagraphsthatexpandandsupporttheideaspresentedintheintroductoryparagraph.6A（3）:2Finally,aterminator-whetherarestatement,conclusion,orobservation-endstheparagraph.B（3）:2Theessay,too,hasadevicewhichbringsitsideas to a logically and psychologically satisfyingcompletion:theconcludingparagraph.CAlthoughexceptionstothesegeneralizationsmaybeobserved in modern creative writing,most well writtenexpository paragraphs and essays are comparable instructure.Notes:1)1,2,3indicatesthelevelofgeneralityatwhichasentenceisintheparagraph.2)Cistheshortformofconclusion,thatis,theconcludingsentence.72.3AnAnalysisofAnEssayThesetwopatternscanalsobeusedtocomposeanessay.NowreadthefollowingshortessayandanalyzeitaccordingtowhatyouhavelearnedsofarParis andWashingtondifferinageandpopulation;however,anyone who has seen the twocitiescantellthattheyareverysimilar.Ofcourse,ParisismucholderthanWashington.TheFrenchcityisover2000yearsold.Washington,incontrast,isveryyoung.Itislessthan250yearsold.The population of Paris is also much larger thanWashingtonsParishasmorethan2,500,000people.Washingtonhasjustover700,000.8Inspiteofthesedifferences,thesimilaritiesarestriding.First,bothcitiesarethepoliticalcentersoftheircountries.ThepresidentofFrancelivesintheheartofParis,intheElyseesPalace.Likewise,thepresidentoftheUnitedStateshasitsmeetingplaceinWashington,intheCapitol.Second,thetwocitieslooksimilar.LEnfant,theFrenchengineerwhodesignedWashington,wasgreatlyinfluencedbythelayoutofthecapitalofFrance.Forthisreason,manyofthebuildingsandmonumentsinWashingtonaresymmetricallylocatedinviewsofoneanother,justastheyareinParis.Bothcitiesarealsothesitesofmagnificent monuments,important historical landmarksfinemuseums,beautiful parks,and board,treelined avenues.Finally,tourismisasimportantforWashingtonasitisforParisEveryyearmillionsoftouristsfromallpartsoftheworldvisitthesecitiestoviewtheirattractions9Questions1.Whichisthethesisstatementoftheessay?2.Findthetopicsentenceandcontrollingideaofthe2ndand3rdparagraph.3.Findtheconnectivesinthe3rdparagraph.4.Whichpatterndoesthisessayfollow?102.4PlanesofGeneralityoftheEssay1ParisandWashingtondifferinageandpopulation;however,anyonewhohasseenthetwocitiescantellthattheyareverysimilar.(Thesisstatement:tellthereaderswhattheycanexpecttoreadintheessay.)2Thetwocitiesdifferinageandpopulation.3Ofcourse,ParisismucholderthanWashington.4TheFrenchcityisover2000yearsold.Washington,incontrast,isveryyoung.Itislessthan250yearsold.3ThepopulationofofParisisalsomuchlargerthanWashingtons.4Parishasmorethan2,500,000people.Washingtonhasjustover700,000.112Inspiteofthesedifferences,thesimilaritiesarestriding.3First,bothcitiesarethepoliticalcentersoftheircountries.4ThepresidentofFrancelivesintheheartofParis,intheElyseesPalace.Likewise,thepresidentoftheUnitedStateshasitsmeetingplaceinWashington,intheCapitol.3Second,thetwocitieslooksimilar.4LEnfant,theFrenchengineerwhodesignedWashington,wasgreatlyinfluencedbythelayoutofthecapitalofFrance.125Forthisreason,manyofthebuildingsandmonumentsinWashingtonaresymmetricallylocatedinviewsofoneanother,justastheyareinParis.Bothcitiesarealsothesitesofmagnificentmonuments,importanthistoricallandmarks,finemuseums,beautifulparks,andboard,treelinedavenues.3Finally,tourismisasimportantforWashingtonasitisforParis.4Everyyearmillionsoftouristsfromallpartsoftheworldvisitthesecitiestoviewtheirattractions133.ExpressionsandSentencePatterns143.1Similaritya.ModelAisthesameasModelBstructurally.identicalwithindesign.similartolikeb.ThetwoModelsarealikestructurallyidenticalindesignthesamesimilarc.Sweden,likeFinland,hasverylargeresourcesoftimber.153.2DifferenceModelXisdifferentfromModelYstructurallyisnotthesameasindesign.differsfrom163.3ComparisonModel A is cheap.Similarly,Model B is inexpensive.173.4contrastwhilewhereas,whilst.而而（含有相对之意）含有相对之意）whilea.ModelAisstylish,whereasModelBisold-fashioned.whilstWhileWhereasModelAisstylish,ModelBisold-fashioned.Whilstb.but,however,nevertheless但是，然而但是，然而butModelAisstylish,howeverModelBisold-fashioned.neverthelessc.unlike与与有别有别,comparedwith,与与相比相比incontrastto与与成对比成对比UnlikeComparedwithModelA,ModelBisold-fashioned.Incontrasttod.ontheotherhand然而然而ModelAisstylish.Ontheotherhand,ModelBisold-fashioned.183.5In-ClassPracticeAgentsofGenderSocializationBoys(A)Girls(B)ToysToyguns(A1)Dolls(B1)DressBlueordark-colored(A2)Inpastelshades(B2)PlayPlayingcopsandrobbers(A3)Playinghousewithdolls(B3)193.6ExerciseWrite a paragraph to contrast department stores andsupermarkets following the allabout pattern and anotherfollowingtheseesawpattern.DepartmentstoresSupermarketsFunction:shoppingshoppingLocation:downtownuptownService:warmheartedserviceself-serviceCommodities:specializedinclothesspecializedinfoodandhouseholdsPrice:expensivecheapTopicSentence:Althoughdepartmentstoresandsupermarketsare similarin function,they differ from each other in severalaspects.205.2ExerciseStudy the example of the comparison andcontrast between Paris and Washingtoncarefully,andwriteanessayofcomparingandcontrasttwothingsfollowingthemodel.21此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！22