1、 脑疝 人民医院影像科 2012-11-271精选2精选3精选脑疝n是指在颅内压增高的情况下,脑组织通过某些脑池向压力相对较低的部位移位的结果,即脑组织由其原来正常的位置而进入了一个异常的位置。n n 脑疝分几类?4精选脑疝的类型:na.大脑镰疝:一侧大脑半球占位病变可使同侧扣带回经大脑镰下缘疝入对侧,胼胝体受压下移。nb小脑幕切迹疝.前疝:也称颞叶沟回疝,是颞叶沟回疝于脚间池及环池的前部;后疝:颞叶内侧部疝于四叠体池及环池的后部;f.小脑幕切迹上疝:后颅凹占位病变时,小脑上蚓部可向上疝入小脑幕切迹的四叠体池。nc.中心疝:幕上压力增高,致使大脑深部结构及脑干纵轴牵张移位。nd.颅外疝:脑组织
2、通过颅外缺损疝出。ne.枕骨大孔疝:后颅凹占位病变时,可致小脑扁桃体疝入枕骨大孔。ng.蝶骨嵴疝:颅前凹和颅中凹的占位病变,由于病变部压力相对高一些,则额眶回可越过蝶骨嵴进入颅中凹,可颞叶前部挤向颅前凹。5精选各家对脑疝的分类大同小异,也有专家将其分为以下五类:n天幕裂孔疝:脑组织通过天幕裂孔向下疝入天幕下或向上疝至天幕上,又可分为:颞疝,包括颞前疝、颞后疝和颞全疝;间脑疝;天幕裂孔上疝。其中以颞疝较常见和具有较重要的临床意义。枕大孔疝:一侧或双侧小脑扁桃体向下疝至上颈段蛛网膜下腔。大脑镰下疝:一侧大脑半球近中线结构,主要为扣带回通过大脑镰下缘移位至对侧天幕上颅腔。翼后疝:额叶底部通过蝶骨嵴后
3、缘向下移位达颅中窝。外疝:脑组织通过先天性或后天性颅骨缺损突至颅外。6精选n小脑幕切迹(天幕裂孔):小脑幕前内侧缘游离呈“U”形,向前附着于后床突,与鞍背之间围成一孔即小脑幕切迹(裂孔)。中间有中脑通过,幕切迹与中脑之间的空隙为幕切迹间隙。内有脑池环绕,中脑前方有鞍上池及脚间池,两侧为环池,后方四叠体池。当幕上占位病变致颅内压力增高,超过幕下腔一定程度时今近颞钩回、海马等组织结构随之疝入幕切迹。使其内紧邻及通过的结构如动眼神经,大脑后动脉,中脑及其供应血管受挤压和移位,造成直接机械损伤或血供受阻而受损,出现一系列症症状、体征。7精选8精选9精选示意图na)subfalcial(cingulat
4、e)herniation;镰下疝nb)uncal herniation;钩疝nc)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕疝nd)external herniation;颅外疝ne)tonsillar herniation.扁桃体疝nf)ascending transtentorial herniation(reversed tentorial)上行性小脑幕疝ng)sphenoid herniation蝶骨嵴疝10精选类型11精选示意图12精选解剖关系13精选镰下疝14精选n有学者研究脑中线结构移位危险系数与脑疝之间相关关系显示:当中脑
5、移位大于3.15mm,大脑镰移位大于6.21mm,三脑室移位大于9.32mm,透明隔移位大于12.25mm时与脑疝高度相关。在实际工作中为便于记忆,危险系数可取整数,分别为:中脑3mm,大脑镰6mm,三脑室9mm,透明隔12mm。15精选16精选Subfalcine herniation(cingulate herniation)Transtentorial herniation nThe suprasellar cistern(left image)is obliterated.The quadrigeminal cistern is very compressed and pushed p
6、osteriorly(center image).nA subdural hematoma with a midline shift is noted.There is central transtentorial and subfalcine herniation.17精选ACA供血区梗塞18精选Uncal herniation(钩回疝)19精选鞍上池缺角20精选21精选22精选冠状位CT与MRI23精选海马旁回褶皱24精选对侧颞角增宽25精选同侧环池增宽26精选Uncal herniation27精选Uncal herniationnobliteration of the suprasel
7、lar cistern(red arrow)and the quadrigeminal cistern(green arrow)28精选Uncal herniationnThe ipsilateral ventricle,sulci,fissures are compressed and obliterated,isappeared.nobliteration of the suprasellar cistern(s)and quadrigeminal cistern(q)29精选Uncal herniationnAcute infarctionn1st daynAcute infarctio
8、n n4th daysq30精选Uncal herniationnBefore surgery,a big GBM in the left temporal lobe with uncal herniation.nAfter surgery,the GBM was removed,the suprasellar cistern and quadrigeminal cisterns are normal.31精选Uncal herniationnAcute infarction of right posterior artery(PCA),this is a complication of un
9、cal/transtentorial herniation,because the PCA was compressed by brain herniation.32精选双侧大脑后动脉梗塞33精选双侧大脑后动脉梗塞34精选Durette hemorrhage 35精选Durette hemorrhage36精选early uncal herniation nThe right uncus is pushing into the suprasellar cistern;early right uncal herniation.37精选中心疝38精选中心疝39精选nCT平扫显示钙化的松果体下移时(
10、相对于钙化脉络膜丛而言),可以推测有间脑疝。一般情况下,钙化松果体和钙化脉络丛位于同一CT扫描层面或松果体位于较高层面;如时钙化松果体出现在较低层面,面钙化脉络丛出现于较高层面时,提示可能有间脑疝。显示间脑疝的最好方法为MR成像,这时不但可以显示间脑和脑干形态及位置的变化,还能显示邻近脑池的变化。横断面和冠状面成像可以显示脑干周围脑池的变化,表现为鞍上池、环池、四叠体池变狭以致闭塞。矢状面成像诊断间脑疝最为有效,中脑下压变短,前后径可显得较厚,加以脑桥受压于斜坡面变扁,以致中脑似与脑桥连成一气,乳头体下移,脚间池、桥池、四叠体池和小脑上池明显变狭。40精选Superior vermian he
11、rniation(ascending transtentorial herniation)n由于后颅凹的占位效应,小脑蚓和小脑半球通过小脑幕切迹向上移动41精选n天幕裂孔上疝的CT和MRI表现为四叠体和四叠体池受压和变形,环池和小脑上池也常受压变形,甚至闭塞。小脑上蚓部和双侧小脑前叶均上疝时,可见典型表现,即双侧中脑后外缘挤向前内,四叠体变狭,呈现为陀螺状。导水管变狭、变扁,以致闭塞,四脑室常闭塞而未能显示。三脑室后部也常变形。侧脑室常扩大。同时伴有枕大孔疝者并不少见。n临床上常有四叠体受压症状,表现为双侧眼睑下垂,两眼上视受障,瞳孔等大但光反应迟钝或消失。中脑向上移位可致意识障碍,晚期可能发
12、生去大脑强直和呼吸骤停。42精选陀螺状外观43精选双侧环池变窄44精选四叠体池充满45精选不露齿的微笑46精选皱眉47精选第一天的四叠体池和环池48精选49精选50精选51精选52精选53精选54精选第二天,四叠体池和环池消失55精选脑积水56精选ascending transtentorial herniation57精选枕大孔疝58精选枕大孔疝59精选n发生枕大孔疝之后,扁桃体下移至延髓后外侧,小脑延髓池变小甚至闭塞,进而可压迫延髓。扁桃体本身受压可发生坏死,如造成小脑后下动脉受压,还可引起小脑动脉下部缺血性梗死;如压迫涉及延髓的营养小动脉分支,还可造成延髓后外侧梗死。小脑后下动脉的走行也
13、颇多变异,其尾曲如达枕大孔平面或枕大孔平面之下,则较易发生受压之情况。小脑扁桃体位置原来就较低者,也较易发生受压。临床上,小脑扁桃体疝压迫延髓之后,早期出现项背强直、间歇性角弓反张、咳嗽反射受抑制等,严重时还可出现呼吸抑制、血压升高和脉搏减慢,所谓的Cushing三联征。小脑后下动脉受压之后,病人可能会出现一系列同侧小脑功能受损症状。60精选Tonsillar herniation nIn tonsillar herniation(rare),a mass effect in the posterior fossa causes the cerebellar tonsils to hernia
14、te inferiorly through the foramen magnum compressing the medulla and upper cervical spinal cord.Conscious patients complain of neck pain and vomiting.They may have nystagmus,pupillary dilatation,bradycardia,hypertension and respiratory depression.Early tonsillar herniation is difficult to recognize
15、in an unconscious patient.It may not be evident on CT scan since axial views cannot see the pathology well.It is best seen on sagittal MRI.Clinically changes in vital signs may be the only clinical clue in an unconscious patient.61精选Tonsillar herniation62精选颅外疝63精选核磁选择n1.Subfalcine herniation.This is
16、 best seen on coronal MR images.n2.Descending transtentorial herniation(uncal herniation,hippocampal herniation).best seen on coronal images,but the compression of the brainstem is best observed on axial T2-WI.n3.Ascending transtentorial herniation.The sagittal imaging plane is preferred.n4.Cerebellar tonsillar herniation.Sagittal and coronal imaging planes are preferred.64精选65精选66精选小结n占位效应引起的脑组织移位n影像上识别脑疝的关键是看脑池的变化67精选
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