弹性波阻抗理论和实现方法.ppt

弹性阻抗理论弹性阻抗理论利用利用Hampson-Russell软件软件实现弹性波阻抗反演实现弹性波阻抗反演2024/5/8 周三1.介绍介绍先回顾弹性阻抗反演的原理先回顾弹性阻抗反演的原理,然后利用然后利用Hampson-Russell 一组软件分析弹性阻抗反演一个实际例子一组软件分析弹性阻抗反演一个实际例子.弹性阻抗弹性阻抗Elastic ImpedanceElastic Impedance(EIEI)是由是由BP 公司公司Patrick Connolly 提出提出.实现弹性阻抗反演可用实现弹性阻抗反演可用AVO和和STRATA软件自然组合来完软件自然组合来完成成.在谈论弹性阻抗反演之前在谈论弹性阻抗反演之前,简单回顾反演方法在地震勘探简单回顾反演方法在地震勘探运用的历史运用的历史.2024/5/8 周三2.CDP/CRP道集迭加反演估算Z=VP地震岩性估算地震岩性估算传统的地震岩性估算是在地震数据叠加偏移后数据传统的地震岩性估算是在地震数据叠加偏移后数据(叠后数据叠后数据)道进行道进行反演反演.这只能估算声阻抗这只能估算声阻抗,不足于推测流体成分不足于推测流体成分.2024/5/8 周三3.道集叠加反演AVO 分析属性 1属性 2估算 VP,VS,和 估算Z=VPAVO 方法方法 同时使用多属性估算同时使用多属性估算VP,VS,和和 ,可估算推测流体和可估算推测流体和岩性岩性.2024/5/8 周三4.AVO分析可能用的属性分析可能用的属性但是哪两种但是哪两种(或更多属性或更多属性)可用来最好地预测可用来最好地预测流体和岩性流体和岩性这些参数这些参数?目前目前AVO可提取和使用的一系列不同属性可提取和使用的一系列不同属性:偏移距或角度段限偏移距或角度段限偏移距或角度段限偏移距或角度段限(范围限制范围限制范围限制范围限制)叠加叠加叠加叠加弹性阻抗反演弹性阻抗反演截距和梯度截距和梯度提取的纵横波反射系数提取的纵横波反射系数 RP,RS 由由 RP 和和 RS 反演到纵横波阻抗反演到纵横波阻抗 ZP,ZS纵横波阻抗纵横波阻抗 ZP,ZS 转换转换Lambda-Mu-Rho 分析分析本讨论先使用前面两个属性的方法本讨论先使用前面两个属性的方法.后面再讨论其它的属性方法后面再讨论其它的属性方法.2024/5/8 周三5.范围限制叠加范围限制叠加道集AVO 分析近叠加远叠加以上是范围限制叠加的简单流程以上是范围限制叠加的简单流程.利用常偏移距或常角度的范围叠加已经非常利用常偏移距或常角度的范围叠加已经非常成熟成熟.问题是如何解释其结果问题是如何解释其结果?2024/5/8 周三6.(a)(b)(a)近角度近角度(0o-15o)叠加叠加(b)远角度远角度(15o-30o)叠加叠加数据来自加拿大数据来自加拿大Colony 区区块块.在在630MS有一个有一个“亮点亮点”震幅在远角度震幅在远角度 叠加上比近角叠加上比近角度叠加要强的多度叠加要强的多.从井资料从井资料分析这是分析这是气砂岩导致气砂岩导致“亮点亮点”.气砂岩范围限制叠加气砂岩范围限制叠加2024/5/8 周三7.这是近远偏移这是近远偏移距距(角度角度)的交的交绘图绘图,高震幅高震幅区块用不同颜区块用不同颜色突出显示色突出显示.角度叠加进行交绘图角度叠加进行交绘图2024/5/8 周三8.这是交绘图中的突出区块对应在剖面上的位置这是交绘图中的突出区块对应在剖面上的位置.可看出气砂岩已被很可看出气砂岩已被很好地描绘好地描绘.Top GASTop GAS Base Base GASGAS CoalCoal2024/5/8 周三9.(a)近角度叠加近角度叠加(0-15o)时间切片时间切片,(b)远角度叠加远角度叠加(15-30o)时间切片时间切片(三维河道砂三维河道砂).对时间切片震幅包络求得是对时间切片震幅包络求得是10MS窗口内的平均值并运用了窗口内的平均值并运用了Z-SCORE转换转换.异常异常河道砂得以清楚显示河道砂得以清楚显示.角度范围叠加角度范围叠加(a)(b)2024/5/8 周三10.从范围限制叠加到弹性阻抗从范围限制叠加到弹性阻抗范围限制叠加使用的是常偏移距或常相位道集范围限制叠加使用的是常偏移距或常相位道集,方法很成熟并可方法很成熟并可避免同相轴未拉平问题避免同相轴未拉平问题.但它究竟有何含义但它究竟有何含义?Patrick Connolly(BP),提出新颖的方法来解释范围叠加的含义提出新颖的方法来解释范围叠加的含义,称之为弹性阻抗称之为弹性阻抗.弹性阻抗是基于弹性阻抗是基于Aki-Richards 等式等式,下几张图片解释弹性阻抗下几张图片解释弹性阻抗的概念和由来的概念和由来.2024/5/8 周三11.弹性阻抗理论弹性阻抗理论Aki-Richards Aki-Richards 等式可写为等式可写为等式可写为等式可写为(三项式三项式三项式三项式):Connolly(1999)提出提出,类似于声阻抗类似于声阻抗,我们定义弹性阻抗我们定义弹性阻抗(EIEI)为为2024/5/8 周三12.假设假设 注意到注意到我们可以把我们可以把 Aki-Richards Aki-Richards 等式重写为等式重写为等式重写为等式重写为:假设假设 K 为常数为常数,可以将上式写为可以将上式写为:2024/5/8 周三13.然后进行积分和取幂然后进行积分和取幂,可得到以下弹性阻抗可得到以下弹性阻抗 EIEI等式等式等式等式:如果如果 =0o,EI EI 弹性阻抗就还原为声阻抗弹性阻抗就还原为声阻抗(AIAI),等式为等式为:2024/5/8 周三14.以上等式使用的是以上等式使用的是Aki-RichardsAki-Richards所有三项等式所有三项等式.对于入射角大对于入射角大于于300,该等式将不是线性的拟合该等式将不是线性的拟合.对于大角度对于大角度(大偏移距大偏移距),如果只用等式的前两如果只用等式的前两项项,等式可写为等式可写为:当当 =0o,得到得到:2024/5/8 周三15.将声阻抗将声阻抗(AI)转换入射角为转换入射角为30 的弹性阻抗通常曲线类似但阻抗绝对值变低的弹性阻抗通常曲线类似但阻抗绝对值变低.角度增加其视声波阻抗降低角度增加其视声波阻抗降低.油砂岩比页岩视声波阻抗降低幅度更大油砂岩比页岩视声波阻抗降低幅度更大.如下图如下图Connolly 1999 弹性阻抗弹性阻抗 油饱和度的影响油饱和度的影响2024/5/8 周三16.弹性阻抗弹性阻抗 实例实例下图下图 显示声阻抗和弹性阻抗显示声阻抗和弹性阻抗(30度角度角)的曲线比较的曲线比较:2024/5/8 周三17.重叠显示更好地区分弹性阻抗和声阻抗在含油砂岩处的差别重叠显示更好地区分弹性阻抗和声阻抗在含油砂岩处的差别:2024/5/8 周三18.EI 反演步骤反演步骤道集AVO 分析近角度叠加q1远角度叠加q2反演弹性阻抗 EI(q1)反演弹性阻抗 EI(q2)2024/5/8 周三19.Case Study from theColony Sand Playin Alberta,Canada2024/5/8 周三20.Applying Elastic Impedance to the Colony DataIn this exercise,we will start with the 2D Colony dataset which we analyzed earlier and apply the Elastic Impedance analysis to it.First re-open the avo_class database in GEOVIEW.On the GEOVIEW window,click on Database/Open.Select avo_class.wdb from the pullDown list,as shown,and click on OK:2024/5/8 周三21.On the GEOVIEW main window,click on the AVO/AVO button to restart the AVO program:Select the option to Open Previous Project and choose the colony.prj project:2024/5/8 周三22.Before analyzing the data,we will create the elastic impedance logs in the modeling window.If it is not visible,click on the Modeling/Single Well button on a seismic window and select AVO_WELL on the Open Well menu to get the following window:2024/5/8 周三23.Next,click on the Logs/Transforms button as shown on the left,and select the Elastic Impedance option from the Transforms menu shown below:2024/5/8 周三24.Click Next on the Transforms menu and select the correct well(AVO_WELL)for the P-and S-wave logs and for storing the Elastic Impedance log,as shown below.2024/5/8 周三25.On the next menu,make sure the FRM edited logs are used for the calculation of the elastic impedance and call the result EI_Near as shown.2024/5/8 周三26.Click on Next and fill in the next menu as shown,choosing Constant Angle and filling in an angle of 7.5 degrees.2024/5/8 周三27.When the EI_Near log has been created,select the Logs/Transforms option again,and fill in the menus as shown previously except for the last two menus shown here.On these menus,create a new log called EI_Far(making sure that the FRM edited logs are used in the calculation)at a constant angle of 22.5 degrees.2024/5/8 周三28.To display the two elastic impedance traces together,click on the“eyeball”icon to bring up the Parameter menu.Under the Layout tab,turn off the Display Only Active Logs button to see all of the logs,and put the EI_Near and the EI_Far logs on the same track,as shown.2024/5/8 周三29.Click on Ok and you will see the display below.Notice that the EI_Far log plots to the left in the gas zone and to the right in the rest of the log.Now,lets crossplot these two logs.2024/5/8 周三30.Click on Crossplot and fill out the menu as shown below,selecting the Elastic Impedance log type as well as and.Then,click on Next.On this menu,select the well,and click on Next.2024/5/8 周三31.On this menu,select Elastic Impedance for both the X and Y axes,and change the Plot Title as shown below.(Note that we will select a different elastic impedance log for each axis on the next menu).Click on Next.2024/5/8 周三32.On this menu,select EI_Near for the X axis and EI_Far for the Y axis,as shown.Click on Next.On this menu,select Time as the domain,with start and end values of 600 and 675.Click on Ok to get the crossplot.2024/5/8 周三33.Notice that the axes of the plot are both labeled the same.To change the annotation,click on Edit/Annotations and change the menu as shown on the right:Click on Ok and the plot will appear as shown on the leftNotice the clear separation of the points on the lower left of the plot.2024/5/8 周三34.Let us now perform zone analysis to see if the anomaly seen on the crossplot really is the gas sand.To do this,first display the well log curves by clicking on the Cross-Section button.After using the Zoom option,you should see a plot similar to this:2024/5/8 周三35.Now,click on the Zones/Add option and create the elliptical grey background trend as shown on the right.2024/5/8 周三36.Now define the elliptical yellow gas trend as shown.2024/5/8 周三37.Note that the plot of the well logs has been updated with the colors,and the anomalous points do indeed correspond to the gas sand zone.2024/5/8 周三38.Now go to the window containing the original CDP gathers.Click on Process/Stack/Range Limited Stack:2024/5/8 周三39.Use the defaults on the first menu as shown on the right,and click on Next.Then,fill in the second menu as shown on the left.Notice that we are creating 2 angle stacks from 0 to 30 degrees.2024/5/8 周三40.The two angle stacks are created as shown here,where range_limit_stack is the near angle stack,and range_limit_stack2 is the far angle stack.2024/5/8 周三41.Select the file called range_limit_stack.vol from the menu and click on Open.Next,click on the STRATA button on the GEOVIEW main window.We will continue using the colony project,as indicated in the menu on the right.Click on Ok to bring up the STRATA main window,and then click on Data Manager/Import Data/Open Seismic/Open From Project.2024/5/8 周三42.Fill out the Well to Seismic Map menu as shown and click Ok.The STRATA window now looks like this:2024/5/8 周三43.Click on Horizon/Pick Horizons and pick a second event,as shown.Horizon 1 is the trough at the top of the gas sand.2024/5/8 周三44.Finally,pick a third event,as shown here.Then click Ok to finish the picking.2024/5/8 周三45.Next,click on Model/Build/Rebuild a Model.Fill in the first page as shown on the right,changing the option to:Typical setup of Elastic Impedance for far-offset stack inversion.Click on Next.On the third page,select the well AVO_WELL and click Next.2024/5/8 周三46.On the next page,we must select the Elastic Impedance log which corresponds to the Near Angle stack.Since this stack covers an angle range of 0 to 15 degrees,choose EI_Near,calculated for the angle of 7.5 degrees.Now click on Next twice and OK to build the model.Then,click on Invert/Model Based as shown:On the first page,change the output file name to near_inversion.Click on Next twice.On the third page,change the Average Block Size to 4.Click OK to run the inversion.2024/5/8 周三47.The inversion result will look like this:2024/5/8 周三48.Next,click on Window/New Window to create an emptySTRATA window.In this new window,click on Data Manager/Import Data/Open Seismic/Open From Project and select range_limit_stack2.vol,as shown on the right.Click on Open to get the result shown below.Notice that the existing picks are annotated.2024/5/8 周三49.Next,click on Model/Build/Rebuild a Model and select the option Typical setup of Elastic Impedance for far-offset stack inversion on the first page,as done previously.Select AVO_WELL on the third page and choose the EI_Far log(22.5 degrees)on the fourth,as shown.The new model will look like this(you may need to update the color key):2024/5/8 周三50.Next,click on Invert/Model Based and change the name of the output volume on the inversion menu as shown below.On the third page,change the Average Block Size to 4 and click on OK to start the inversion process:2024/5/8 周三51.We now have two inversion results.Note that we have had to use two different color scales,since the impedance values are scaled differently.Near_inversionFar_inversion2024/5/8 周三52.Now let us compare the near-angle inversion with the far-angle inversion by cross-plotting the two volumes.On either of the two inversion results,click on Process/Cross Plot:On the first menu page,select the CDP range from 300 to 360 and the two volumes as shown:Click Next until you reach the fourth page.Specify a Constant Time of 630 ms as shown:2024/5/8 周三53.If there were no AVO effects,we would expect the far and near impedances to be related by a straight line.In other words,there would be a single cluster.Lets add some zones to the crossplot and view the cross-section to see where these zones lie.Click on Zones/Add:2024/5/8 周三54.Make the first zone using an ellipse and place it along the main axis,as shown.Press the Apply button to save this zone.2024/5/8 周三55.Then highlight a second zone,around the cluster as shown:Press the Apply button to save this zone.Click on Ok on the Add Zone menu to accept these zones.2024/5/8 周三56.On one of the windows containing the inversion volumes,select View/Parameters.Under the General tab page,change the Color Data Volume selection to Cross Plot.Click OK.The top of the gas sand is now clearly visible along Horizon 1.This zone indicates an area where the elastic impedance at the far-offsets is less than the elastic impedance at the near-offsets.Save the project,and export the two EI logs back to your GEOVIEW database.Click on File/Exit Project to close all of the STRATA windows.2024/5/8 周三57.ConclusionsThis has been a overview of the Elastic Impedance(EI)inversion approach,as implemented in the Hampson-Russell AVO and STRATA software packages.By applying the method to the Colony Sand,we were able to note changes at the sand level which were indicative of gas.That is,the Elastic Impedance was much lower on the far angle stack than the near angle stack.2024/5/8 周三58.