词素结构.ppt

Chapter 3 Morphological structure of English words.Objectives:Objectives:Discuss morphemes,their classification and identification;Discuss morphemes,their classification and identification;Explain Explain the the relationship relationship between between morphemes morphemes and and word-word-formationformationTeaching focusTeaching focus:Definition of morphemesDefinition of morphemesDefinition of allomorphsDefinition of allomorphsTypes of Types of morphemesTypes of Types of morphemes free morpheme free morpheme bound morpheme bound morphemeDefinitions of root,stem and base Definitions of root,stem and base .1.Morphemen nWhat is a morpheme？It is the minimal meaningful unit of language.Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位的构词单位.2.Morph and allomorphThe definition of morphs：The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed morphs.语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。Morphs are actual spoken,minimal carriers of meaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。形素是口语中最小的意义载体。.What is an allomorph?n nAn allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.n n语素语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。For example.When the plural marker s is added to cat,dog,and horse,it is pronounced differently as/-s,-z,-iz/and thus has three phonological forms;the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme s,i.e.the allomorphs of morpheme s.3.Classifications of morphemes n nFree vs.bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alonen nDerivational vs.inflectional morphemesapplying to affixes onlyn nContent/lexical vs.grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis.Free vs.bound morphemes自由语素与粘着语素自由语素与粘着语素Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free.Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.自自由由语语素素是是能能独独立立运运用用的的语语素素，它它有有完完整整的的意意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tour.n nMorphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.n n粘粘粘粘着着着着语语语语素素素素不不不不能能能能独独独独立立立立成成成成词词词词，只只只只能能能能依依依依附附附附于于于于其其其其他他他他语语语语素素素素上上上上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。.n nFree Free morphemes morphemes are are allall roots roots/free/free rootsroots,which which are are capable capable of of being being used used as as words words or or as as word-word-building elements to form new words.building elements to form new words.n n自自自自由由由由语语语语素素素素都都都都是是是是词词词词根根根根,也也也也叫叫叫叫自自自自由由由由词词词词根根根根,能能能能用用用用作作作作词词词词或或或或作作作作为构成新词的构词要素。为构成新词的构词要素。为构成新词的构词要素。为构成新词的构词要素。n nBound Bound morphemes morphemes consist consist of of either either roots roots(bound(bound roots)or affixes.roots)or affixes.n n粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。n nE.g.,bound root:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-ic.A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是词根，接近，ante-是前缀，在前，-ent 是后缀，人，物，.Derivational vs.inflectional morphemes派生语素与派生语素与屈折语素屈折语素n nWhat are derivational and inflectional morphemes?.Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme.In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.派派派派生生生生语语语语素素素素附附附附着着着着于于于于其其其其它它它它语语语语素素素素可可可可派派派派生生生生出出出出新新新新词词词词。英英英英语语语语中中中中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。.n nInflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.n n屈屈屈屈折折折折语语语语素素素素作作作作为为为为语语语语法法法法标标标标记记记记表表表表示示示示词词词词的的的的语语语语法法法法意意意意义义义义，屈屈屈屈折折折折语素只限于词缀。语素只限于词缀。语素只限于词缀。语素只限于词缀。.Whats the difference between them?InflectionalInflectionalDoesnt change meaning or Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem.part of speech of the stem.(workwork(workworks s)Indicates syntactic relations Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a between different words in a sentence.(grammatical sentence.(grammatical meaning)meaning)Occurs with all members of Occurs with all members of some large class of some large class of morphemes.morphemes.Occurs at margins of words.Occurs at margins of words.(radioradio(radioradios s)DerivationalDerivationalChanges meaning or part of Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.(like-speech of the stem.(like-disdislike,sleeplike,sleepa asleep)sleep)Indicates semantic relations Indicates semantic relations within the word.within the word.(specific lexical meaning (specific lexical meaning，e.g.,e.g.,unun-)-)Occurs with only some Occurs with only some members of a class of members of a class of morphemesmorphemesOccurs before any Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.inflectional suffixes added.Content/lexical vs.grammatical morphemesLexical Lexical 词词 汇汇/contentcontent实实 义义 morphemes morphemes are are morphemes morphemes used used for for the the construction construction of of new new words words as as in in compound compound words words(blackbirdblackbird is is coined coined on on the the basis basis of of 2 2 lexical lexical morphemes:morphemes:black black and and birdbird.),.),and and derivational morphemes such as derivational morphemes such as ship,-ship,-izeize.Grammatical Grammatical morphemes morphemes function function primarily primarily as as grammatical grammatical markers.markers.They They encompass encompass both both inflectional inflectional affixes(-books)affixes(-books)and and free free morphemes morphemes(in,in,and,do,have,theyfunctional words)and,do,have,theyfunctional words).3.4 Identifying MorphemesHow to identify morphemes?How to identify morphemes?They They should should be be identifiable identifiable by by their their forms,forms,meaning meaning and distribution.and distribution.e.g.,e.g.,mono-morphemic:sky mono-morphemic:sky double-morphemic:chill+y,boy+double-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishish triple-morphemic:triple-morphemic:un+dress+edun+dress+ed,care+less+nesscare+less+ness four-morphemic:four-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+nessun+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic:over-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+nessun+gentle+man+li+ness.In what situation do morphemes mismatch between form and meaning?1)Inconsistent in form and meaning:1)Inconsistent in form and meaning:singer(one who)singer(one who)er clearer(the comparative degree)er clearer(the comparative degree)eraser(one object)eraser(one object)2)Meaningless in isolation but meaningful in some 2)Meaningless in isolation but meaningful in some wordswords cran-cran-huckle-berry huckle-berry boysen-boysen-3)Difficult to define the meaning3)Difficult to define the meaning -ceive in conceive/perceive/receive -ceive in conceive/perceive/receive .3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation In word-formation,morphemes are labeled root,stem,base and affix.在构词法中在构词法中在构词法中在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。.AffixAffixes Affixes are are forms forms that that are are attached attached to to words words or or word word elements elements to to modify modify meaning meaning or or function.function.All All affixes are bound morphemes.affixes are bound morphemes.词词词词缀缀缀缀都都都都是是是是粘粘粘粘着着着着语语语语素素素素，依依依依附附附附在在在在词词词词根根根根上上上上构构构构成成成成新新新新词词词词或或或或表表表表示词的语法意义。示词的语法意义。示词的语法意义。示词的语法意义。Two types of affixes:Two types of affixes:Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀.n nInflectional affixes(or inflectional morphemes)serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。n nThey express the following meanings:.PluralityPlurality名词复数名词复数名词复数名词复数TheThe genitive case genitive case 名词所有格名词所有格名词所有格名词所有格TheThe comparative and comparative and superlative degreessuperlative degrees 形容词形容词形容词形容词/副词比较级、最高副词比较级、最高副词比较级、最高副词比较级、最高级级级级TheThe verbal endings verbal endings 动词词尾变化动词词尾变化动词词尾变化动词词尾变化e.g.-s in chairs,e.g.-s in chairs,penspens;-eses in boxes,tomatoes;in boxes,tomatoes;-en in oxen -en in oxene.g.s in boys,e.g.s in boys,childrens childrense.g.-e.g.-erer in words like in words like smaller;-smaller;-estest in words like in words like smallest.smallest.a.-(a.-(e)se)s in words like eats,in words like eats,teaches shows the third teaches shows the third person singular present tense.person singular present tense.b.-binging in words like eating,in words like eating,shows the present participle shows the present participle or gerund.or gerund.c.-(c.-(e)de)d in words like in words like worked shows the past tense worked shows the past tense or past participle.or past participle.Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.(1)Prefixes are affixes before the root(1)Prefixes are affixes before the root.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.As As a a rule,rule,most most prefixes prefixes modify modify the the meaning meaning of of roots,but not their parts of speech.rootsbut not their parts of speech.(2)Suffixes are affixes after the root(2)Suffixes are affixes after the rootBy the addition of the suffix,the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another,e.g.liberation,modernize.Root,stem,base词根、词干、词基词根、词干、词基 A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.词词词词根根根根是是是是所所所所有有有有屈屈屈屈折折折折词词词词缀缀缀缀和和和和派派派派生生生生词词词词缀缀缀缀被被被被去去去去掉掉掉掉后后后后所所所所剩剩剩剩余余余余的那部分。的那部分。的那部分。的那部分。.n nA stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.n n词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。.n nA A base base refers refers to to a a form form to to which which affixes affixes of of any any kind kind(both(both derivational derivational and and inflectional)inflectional)can can be be added.It can be a root or a stem.added.It can be a root or a stem.n n词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。.词根、词干、词基词根、词干、词基n n词词词词根根根根是是是是所所所所有有有有屈屈屈屈折折折折词词词词缀缀缀缀和和和和派派派派生生生生词词词词缀缀缀缀被被被被去去去去掉掉掉掉后后后后所所所所剩剩剩剩余余余余的那部分。的那部分。的那部分。的那部分。n n词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。n n词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它它它它与与与与词词词词根根根根有有有有区区区区别别别别，因因因因为为为为它它它它是是是是可可可可以以以以从从从从派派派派生生生生角角角角度度度度进进进进行行行行分分分分析析析析的的的的形形形形式式式式，在在在在上上上上面面面面可可可可以以以以加加加加上上上上派派派派生生生生词词词词缀缀缀缀。但但但但是是是是词词词词根根根根则则则则不不不不容容容容许许许许做做做做进进进进一一一一步步步步的的的的分分分分析析析析。词词词词基基基基与与与与词词词词干干干干也也也也是是是是不不不不同同同同的的的的，因因因因为为为为派派派派生生生生词词词词缀缀缀缀和和和和屈屈屈屈折折折折词词词词缀缀缀缀都都都都可可可可以以以以加加加加在在在在词词词词基基基基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。.Task:Analyse the word in terms of root,stem and base.Task:Analyse the word in terms of root,stem and base.e.g.,(root/base)(derivational suffix)desire able (derivational prefix)(base)un desirable(a.)(stem/base)(inflectional suffix)undesirable(n.)s (root/stem/base)(inflectional suffix)desire(v.)d.n n1.desire(v.):是是词词根根（不不可可再再分分解解），是是词词干干（可可以以加加屈屈折折词词缀缀，如如过过去去时时态态-ed），是词基。是词基。n n2.desirable(adj.):不不是是词词根根（可可再再分分解解）；不不是是词词干干（不不可可以以加加屈屈折折词词缀缀），是是词词基基（既可以加词缀，又能再分解下去）。（既可以加词缀，又能再分解下去）。n n3.undesirable(n.):不不是是词词根根（可可再再分分解解）；是是词词干干（可可以以加加屈屈折折词词缀缀，如如名名词词复复数数-s），也是词基），也是词基。.Assignment Answer the question:What is the difference between grammtical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes?Give examples to illustrate their relationships.The EndThank you!.