1、透析中考英语语法名词考点 【名词命题趋势与预测】1、 根据近几年全国各地中考试题对名词部分考查的分析可知,今后对名词部分的考查重点为:2、 名词的可数与不可数性。3、 名词单复数在特定情况下的使用。4、 名词的普通格与所有格作定语的选用。5、 物质名词、抽象名词具体化。名词词义的区别与固定搭配。【考点诠释】一、名词的各种分类。单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式,包括可数名词的复数的变化规则,少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。【考例】There is good_ for you. Ive found your lost watch. 广东省A. news B. ideas
2、C. messages D. thoughts答案A。解析 四个选项都是以s结尾的名词,其中A为不可数名词,B、C、D为名词的复数形式,句中用了连系动词is,所以只有A项正确。My uncle will come to my house for dinnerI want to buy some _to make a vegetable salad for him济宁Ameat Btomatoes Capple juice答案B。解析下文说制作蔬菜沙拉,故选蔬菜类的tomatoes。The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school
3、 concert. 重庆A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers 答案 D。 解析可数名词的复数形式是在原形后加“s”。根据school concert可知,需要挑选的是singers。At night the koala bear gets up and eats_广元A1eaf B1eaves C leafs 答案B。解析考查名词leaf的复数形式。 以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时,一般将f或fe变v后,加es。The PLA man saved three _lives in the accident济南Achildrens Bchildre
4、n Cchild Dchilds答案A。解析考查名词所有格的用法。three后接复数children,变名词所有格时直接加“s”,故选A。Come on,childrenHelp yourselves to some_ if you like南通Afish and chickenBfishes and chickenCfish and chickensDfishes and chickens答案A。解析fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。All the _teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was thei
5、r own holiday 重庆Aman Bmen Cwoman Dwomen答案D。解析由时间on March 8th可知是妇女节,因此是女教师。“女教师”单数形式用woman teacher,复数形式两个词都要变为复数。故选D。二、不可数名词数量的表达法。用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。Mr Smith always has _to tell us青岛Asome good pieces of newsB some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome
6、 piece of good newes 答案A。解析考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”,是不可数名词,所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时,一般放在前面。Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well一Well,Id like to try those blue_.黄冈Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair答案A。解析pants要用a pair of来修饰,由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式,故选A。Would you like some drinks, boys?
7、河北Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange答案 D 解析orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词(piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等)是可数名词,可根据情况用单数或复数,但of后面的名词只能用单数。 exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. 黄冈A. What an, a B. What,
8、a C. How an, the D. How, the 答案 B。 解析news为不可数名词,其前面不能用a/an来修饰。不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示,如a piece of,a cup of ,two glasses of three bottles of,etc。三、名词所有格及其用法。以-s结尾的单数名词加“”或“s”构成所有格;以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“”;不规则复数名词在词尾加“s”;两者或两者以上共同所有,把“s”加在最后的名词上;表示各自拥有某件东西时,每个名词都要用所有格形式。_fathers are both scientists 咸宁 AJims an
9、d Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob答案B。解析当两个人分别拥有时,要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志“s”来表达。吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人,所以在其后都加“s”,故选B。_room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Sams答案C。解析本题考查名词所有格的用法。表示两人共同拥有某一事物时,只需要在第二个人的后面加“s”。故选C。Hows Joys skirt?Her skirt
10、 is more beautiful than . 兰州A. her sisters and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates答案 D。 解析当某物为几个人所共有时,只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式;如表示两者或两者以上分别所有,应在每个名词后用所有格形式。四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“s”来构成所有格。如:todays newspaperten minutes,walk,Chinas industryExcuse me, is the
11、 supermarket far from here?No, its about _.(浙江宁波)A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walkC. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minutes walk 答案C。解析考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以-s结尾时,则只需要加“”即可,则“7分钟的距离”为“7 minutes walk”。 Come and see me in With pleasureThats what Im expecting哈尔滨 Atwo or three daysBtwo or three days timeCtwo or three
12、days time答案:C解析:in后接一段时间,此处表示“两三天的时间”,要用名词所有格形式,因two or three days是复数,直接加“”,故选C。Im going on holiday on the 12thI have to be back at work on the 26th.So Ive got two_ holiday临沂Aweeks Bweeks Cweeks Dweek答案:C解析:本题考查名词所有格的用法。“两周”是复数,用two weeks,weeks变名词所有格时,只需在后面加“”,故选C。五、名词作主语时的主谓一致。主语为单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式,主语
13、为复数,则谓语动词也用复数;主语形式上是单数,但表达复数意义,那么谓语动词 要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义,则谓语动词也采用单数形式;谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。六、语境中名词的选择。根据语境确定名词的词义,再根据句法进一步确定词形。Studying in a foreign country is a different _and you can learn a lot盐城Aevent Bexercise Cexperience Dexhibition答案:C解析:由选项及句意“在外国学习是一次不同的并且你能学到许多东西。”可知用experience“经历”最合适
14、。故选C。-Would you like some_?-No, thank you. Im not hungry at all. 陕西省A. tea B. water C. bread D. coffee答案C 。解析后文中有hungry,说明上文询问的是关于食品的问题,所以选bread。Its common _that the Japanese eat Sushi 沈阳 Ainformation Bknowledge Cdirection Dinstruction答案:B解析:由选项及句意“日本人吃寿司是常识”。information意为“信息”;knowledge意为“知识,学识”; di
15、rection意为“方向”;instruction意为“说明”,故选B。The thing that _is not whether you fan or not,but whether you try or not苏州 Aminds Bcares Cmatters Dconsiders答案:C解析:句意为“问题不在于你失败与否,而在于你是否尝试了”。mind介意”,care关心”,matter有关系,重要”,consider认为,考虑”,故选C。I dont know how to use this machine一It doesnt matterHere is the_江西Ainstruc
16、tion Bdirection Cinformation Dadvertisement答案:A解析:句意:“我不知道怎样使用这台机器。”“没关系。这儿有说明。”故选A。What do you know about_?Line drawings that show how something works沈阳Apictures Bdiagrams Cprogrammes Dpaintings答案:B解析:由答语中的“画的线表明事情是怎么工作的”可知由“线”来表示,故应是图表。七、易混名词的区别。主要是要求区别一些常见的容易混淆的名词的用法。-Look, the tall building look
17、s very modern.-Yes, and there is a garden on its _. A garden in the air! 河南省A. top B. ground C. side D. floor答案A。解析 由A garden in the air可判断为“顶部”。一How can I tell one tree from another? 一You can mostly tell them by the _of their leaves07武汉市Ashape B size Cage D color答案A 。解析本题与生物知识。区别树的不同点时,大多通过树叶的“形状”。
18、-Oh! There isnt enough _ for us in the bus. -No hurry. Lets wait for the next. 昆明市A. place B. land C. room D. floor答案C。解析考查单词room的用法。place意为“地点”;land意为“陆地;room作可数名词时表示“房间”,作不可数名词时意为“地方”;floor意为“楼层,地板”。在“公共汽车上”,只能是没有足够的“地方”。0ur school held an activity called “Recommend Books to Your Teachers”The stud
19、ents made a_of 1 000 books淄博Anote B1ine Cmenu D1ist答案:D解析:句意为“学生列了一张1 000本书的清单”。note笔记”,line“线”,menu“菜单”,list“名单,单子”,故选D。【语法回顾】名词是用来表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词。英语名词一般分为两类,即专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词。个体名词和集体名词一般可数,有单复数之分;物质名词和抽象名词一般不可数。所以从可数性方面看,名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。高考热点主要是不可数名词可数名词的单复数以及名词和其他词类(
20、如冠词、动词、介词等)组成的固定短语,还包括具体情景中名词词义的辨析等知识的综合。一、名词的数(一)规则变化:1一般名词的复数形式是在词尾直接加-s构成。如:pagepages penpens studentstudents2以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词,变成复数时在词尾加-es。如:classclasses box boxes brush brushes watchwatches3以-f和-fe结尾的词变f或fe为v,再加-es。如:leaf leaves knifeknives wifewives注意:roof,gulf,belief,chief,safe,proof,staff
21、等其复数直接在词尾加-s。handkerchief的复数为handkerchiefs或handkerchieves4以辅音字母加一y结尾之名词,先将y变成i,再加-es。如:party-parties storystories universityuniversities5以字母o结尾的词,一般来说,生物名词,包括动、植物名词加-es构成复数。例如:Negro Negroes黑人 hero heroes英雄 potatopotatoes土豆tomato tomatoes西红柿以-o结尾的无生物名词一般直接加-s构成复数。例如:photon photos照片pianopianos钢琴 kilok
22、ilos公斤tobaccotobaccos烟草外来的有生物以-o结尾的名词也只加s构成复数。例如:Eskimo Eskimos爱斯基摩人 Filipino-filipinos菲律宾人 (二)不规则变化:1变化名词中所含的元音字母。如:foot-feet tooth teeth goosegeese manmen2词尾加-en或-ren。如:child childlien oxoxen3单复数同形。如:sheep,deer,fsh,means(方法),aircraft(飞机)4表“某国人”的名词,其复数变化有3种情况。(1)单复数形式相同。如:a Chinese ten Chinese;a Ja
23、panese five Japanese(2)变词尾的manwoman。如:Frenchman Frenchmen;EnglishmanEnglishmen DutchmanDutehmen;EnglishwomanEnglishwomen(3)词尾加-s。如:German Germans;Russian Russians;American Americans 口诀记忆法:中日同形用不变,英法同盟变a为e,其他一律加s。5有一些词如hair(头发),fruit(水果),通常是用它们的单数形式来表示总称。但在表示“几根头发”,“若干种水果”时,则要用复数形式。如:a few white hair
24、s几根白发several foreign fruits几种外国水果 (三)复合名词的复数1一般将主体名词变为复数。如m:mother-in-law mothers-in-law岳母 passer-bypassers-by过路人looker-onlookers-on旁观者 editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chie主编2无主体名词构成的复合词,在词尾加一s。如:go-between go-betweens中间人,媒人grown-upgrown-ups成年人3由man或woman构成的复合名词,两者都要变成复数。如:A man teacher two men teachers;
25、a woman doctor ten women doctors注意:有一些名词,包括一些学科名词,形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数。如: news(消息); mathematics(数学); physics(物理); politics(政治)(四)不可数名词的数 1不可数名词就是表示无法分清个体的名词。这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。计算不可数名词时,用“数词或冠词+量词+0f+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数但of后的名词只用单数。如:a piece of apple pie一块苹果派 two cups of tea两杯茶 three items of news三条消
26、息four buckets of water四桶水a drop of water一滴水 a ray of hope一线希望2有些物质名词可用复数形式表示数量或不同的类别。如:Two coffees,please请来两杯咖啡。The old should take some heath foods老年人应食用些保健品。3有些抽象名词可以用单数或复数形式表示具体的事物。如:difficulty困难difficulties难事 success成功 a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事二、名词的所有格1表示有生命的东西的名词所有格。(1)一般在单数或复数名词后加s。如:Wei Fangs ch
27、air the childrensbedroom(2)以s结尾的复数名词后直接加“”。如:the studentsteading room; grown-upsclothes(3)并列名词表示各自所属时,在两个名词之后都加s;表示共同所属时在最后一个名词后加s。如:Tom and Mikes father汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲)(4)表示店铺,某人的家,私人开的诊所、餐馆等,其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。如:at the tailors在裁缝店 at a chemists在药店2表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格,常常用“of+名词”的形式。如:the covers of t
28、he book(s)书的封面 a picture of my family一张我家的全家福注意:(1)表示有生命东西的名词,如果名词较长或名词的定语较长也可用“of+名词”的形式。如:the works of Lu XunLao She and Mao Dun (2)表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些惯用语中的名词,可用s。如:yesterdays newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes ride开车五分钟的路程3双重所有格 被修饰的名词前有不定冠词,指示代词,不定代词或数词等时要用名词的双重所有格。其结构为“of+名词s”。如:some pictures of
29、 my brothers我哥哥的一些照片 a friend of my fathers我父亲的一个朋友比较:a photo of my fathers我父亲的一张照片 a photo of my father我父亲的照片 三、名词的句法功能1名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补定语、定语、状语、同位语和呼语等。如:Tom was the best student in the class(主语)I have never heard of the man(宾语)We elected him monitor of our class(宾语补足语)There is a stone bridge ove
30、r the fiver(定语)Peter goes to school at 8 every morning(状语) BushPresident of the United statesis coming to China next month(同位语)Mary,come here quickly(呼语)2名词作定语时,表示中心词的用途:材料、地点、时间等,和形容词做定语在含义上有所不同。试比较:银币silver coins 银白色的小车a silvery car 心脏病heart trouble 热情的欢迎a hearty welcome 石桥stone bridge 铁石心肠stony h
31、eart【语法过关】1. Today is September 10th. Its_ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers 2 .He had something to write down and asked me for_, A. a paper B. some papers C some pieces papers D. a piece of paper3. The _ now is that we have lots
32、of _ to ask, A. problem; questions B. question; problems C question; problem D. problem; question 4. - Can I just have a try? -Sure. It doesnt if you give a wrong answer. A. matter B. trouble C. mind D. care 5 .- Could you move over a little and make some_ for me? - Sure. Please. A. place B. seat C.
33、 room D. ground 6. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please. A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees 7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs far _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 8. Id like something to read. W
34、ould you please pass me the _? pen B. box C. ruler D. book 9. September 10th is _. A. Womens Day B. Childrens Day C. Mid-autumn Day D. Teachers Day 10. -How do you get home from _? By bus? -No, I walk. _ isnt very far. A. school, The school B. the school, The school C. the school, School D. school,
35、School 【参考答案】1.B “教师节” 的正确表示法是“Teachers Day” 。 2.D paper表示“纸” 的意思时是不可数名词,前面可以加a piece of (pieces of)。 3.A question一般与“疑问” 有关,problem一般与“困难” 有联系,多用于指令人困惑的事或数学难题等。4. A it doesnt matter. 意思是“没关系” 。5.C room在这里指“空间” 。6.C不可数名词表示数量时,借助表量的名词,名词前数词大于一时,名词用复数形式。 7.A fun有“娱乐,玩笑,嬉戏”等意。 8. D 本题为语意的理解问题,与“read” 直接发生联系的是“book” 。9. D 本题属于社会常识。10. A 上句中的“school” 虽是个体名词,但这里已转为“抽象” 意义,故前面不用冠词;下句中的“school” 则是特指,故要用定冠词。
©2010-2024 宁波自信网络信息技术有限公司 版权所有
客服电话:4008-655-100 投诉/维权电话:4009-655-100