IBM内部培训-国际业务管理.ppt

International Business ManagementIIBD 0105Dr.Tang1 1可整理可整理pptpptCourse StructureModule I:Globalization&Information EconomyModule I:Globalization&Information EconomyModule II:Country EvaluationModule II:Country EvaluationModule III:Strategy&Entry ModeModule III:Strategy&Entry ModeModule IV:Control&HRMModule IV:Control&HRMModule V:Foreign Exchange&Multinational Module V:Foreign Exchange&Multinational Financial ManagementFinancial ManagementModule VI:International Marketing&OperationModule VI:International Marketing&Operation2 2可整理可整理pptpptModule I:Globalization&Information EconomyIIBD 0105Dr.Tang3 3可整理可整理pptpptAgendaGlobalizationGlobalization Concept Concept&MeasurementMeasurement Driving ForceDriving Force Trade Trade&Investment BarriersInvestment Barriers Liberalization Liberalization with with WTO WTO&Regional GroupsRegional Groups ResponseResponseInformation EconomyInformation Economy Information GoodsInformation Goods Information EconomyInformation Economy4 4可整理可整理pptpptGlobalization Globalization ofGlobalization of Product:irrelevance of national productProduct:irrelevance of national product Market Market world wide or international mobile customersworld wide or international mobile customers Converging tasteConverging taste Merger of national marketMerger of national market CompetitionCompetition global scale efficiencyglobal scale efficiency Multi-market cross subsidizing Multi-market cross subsidizing As a result of international exchange of goods,As a result of international exchange of goods,service,capital&human resourcesservice,capital&human resources5 5可整理可整理pptpptGlobalization of Product Product Life Cycle ModelIrrelevance of the ModelTruncated Life CycleGlobalization of ProductR&DAdvanced ComponentsStandard ComponentsAssembly6 6可整理可整理pptpptMeasurement Trade&FDI as a%of GDPPrice convergence As a result of arbitrage7 7可整理可整理pptpptInternational Trade&FDI 8 8可整理可整理pptpptExport As Percentage of GDP 9 9可整理可整理pptpptDriving Force Transportation&telecommunication technologyLiberalization movement to breakdown trade&investment barriers1010可整理可整理pptpptAverage Tariff Rate 19131913195019501990199020002000FranceFrance212118185.95.93.93.9GermanyGermany202026265.95.93.93.9ItalyItaly181825255.95.93.93.9JapanJapan3030-5.35.33.93.9HollandHolland5 511115.95.93.93.9SwedenSweden20209 94.44.43.93.9BritainBritain-23235.95.93.93.9UnitedStatesUnitedStates444414144.84.83.93.91111可整理可整理pptpptTariff Ad valorem:%of valueSpecific:fixed sum per unitCompound:Ad Valorem+Specific1212可整理可整理pptpptCan Protection Protect?Effective protectionPrice elasticity of demand&supply1313可整理可整理pptpptEffective Protectiont:tariff ratet:tariff ratew:weight of imported componentsw:weight of imported componentsk:the final goods,k:the final goods,i:intermediate goods i:intermediate goods Country ACountry ACountry B Country B TVTV10%10%20%20%TV componentsTV components10%10%40%40%Effective Protection(T)Effective Protection(T)(10-5)*2=10(10-5)*2=10(20-20)*2=0(20-20)*2=01414可整理可整理pptpptPrice Elasticity DemandDemandSupplySupplyElastic:Elastic:P P D D P P S S Inelastic:Inelastic:P P D no changeD no changeP P S no changeS no changePrice before tariffPrice before tariffTariffTariffPrice after tariffPrice after tariff1000100010%10%1100 1100 90990910%10%100010001515可整理可整理pptpptNon-Tariff Barrier Quota(VER:voluntary export restraint)Quota(VER:voluntary export restraint)LicenseLicenseCustoms valuation,classification&procedureCustoms valuation,classification&procedureTechnical standardTechnical standardGovernment procurementGovernment procurementAntidumping duty Antidumping duty Countervailing duty(against subsidy)Countervailing duty(against subsidy)1616可整理可整理pptpptInvestment Barrier Entry barriers(e.g.finance,transportation)(e.g.finance,transportation)Ownership limitPerformance requirement(e.g.local content)(e.g.local content)Non-national treatment (e.g.factor price)(e.g.factor price)1717可整理可整理pptpptWTO Freer trade Freer trade No discrimination (MFN&National Treatment)No discrimination (MFN&National Treatment)GATT GATT(general agreement on tariffs&trade)(general agreement on tariffs&trade)GATS GATS(general agreement on trade in services)(general agreement on trade in services)TRIPS TRIPS(trade related aspects of intellectual property rights)(trade related aspects of intellectual property rights)Quota Quota(MFA phased out)(MFA phased out)Subsidy Subsidy(prohibited&actionable)(prohibited&actionable)Safeguard Safeguard(temporary protection)(temporary protection)1818可整理可整理pptpptRegional Integration StagesStages FTA:Free Trade Area FTA:Free Trade Area (low tariff for members)(low tariff for members)Custom Union Custom Union (same tariff on non(same tariff on non members)members)Common Market Common Market (factor mobility)(factor mobility)Economic UnionEconomic Union Political UnionPolitical Union1919可整理可整理pptpptRegional Integration NameNameYearYearCurrentMemberCurrentMemberLiberalization&IntegrationLiberalization&IntegrationAPECAPEC(21)(21)19891989US,Canada,Mexico,Chili,Peru,US,Canada,Mexico,Chili,Peru,China,H.K.,Taiwan,Japan,S.Korea,RussiaChina,H.K.,Taiwan,Japan,S.Korea,RussiaASEAN7ASEAN7(Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippine,(Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippine,Singapore,Thailand,Brunei,Vietnam)Singapore,Thailand,Brunei,Vietnam)PapuaNewGuinea,Australia,NewZealandPapuaNewGuinea,Australia,NewZealandFreetrade&investmentFreetrade&investmentby2010forindustrializedcountriesby2010forindustrializedcountriesby2020fordevelopingcountriesby2020fordevelopingcountriesASEANASEAN(10)(10)19671967Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,SingaporeThailand,Brunei,Vietnam,SingaporeThailand,Brunei,Vietnam,Laos,Myanmar&CambodiaLaos,Myanmar&CambodiaAFTA(ASEANfreetradearea)AFTA(ASEANfreetradearea)by2003by2003EUEU(15(15)19931993(1958)(1958)Germany,France,Italy,Belgium,Germany,France,Italy,Belgium,TheNetherlands,Luxembourg,Denmark,TheNetherlands,Luxembourg,Denmark,UK,Ireland,Greece,Portugal,Spain,UK,Ireland,Greece,Portugal,Spain,Austria,Finland,SwedenAustria,Finland,SwedenSinglemarket&CustomsUnionSinglemarket&CustomsUnionEconomicMonetaryUnionby1999EconomicMonetaryUnionby1999 NAFTANAFTA(3)(3)19941994US,Canada,MexicoUS,Canada,MexicoFreetradeareaFreetradearea2020可整理可整理pptpptWhat is Comparative Advantage?Absolute Advantage:efficiencyAbsolute Advantage:efficiency Export a good if you can produce more efficientlyExport a good if you can produce more efficientlyComparative Advantage:costComparative Advantage:cost Export a good if you can produce cheaper Export a good if you can produce cheaperEfficient but not cheap:Efficient but not cheap:Because you have higher opportunity costBecause you have higher opportunity cost 2121可整理可整理pptpptRCA:Revealed Comparative Advantage X export,M:import,i:country,W:world,k:product Comparison between:products,countries&Periods2222可整理可整理pptpptResponse to Globalization Journal of International Marketing,5-1,pp9-302323可整理可整理pptpptStrategy Drift Strategic Management Journal 9 pp75-912424可整理可整理pptpptINFORMATION ECONOMY INFORMATIONINFORMATION GOODSINFORMATION ECONOMY2525可整理可整理pptpptInformation Anything with value that can be digitalized2626可整理可整理pptpptInformation Goods Information embedded in text,number,graph,audio&video materialsValuationValuationPhysical NaturePhysical Nature 2727可整理可整理pptpptThe Nature of Information Goods ValuationValuation:HeterogeneityHeterogeneity Experience goodsExperience goodsExclusivity vs.PopularityExclusivity vs.PopularityValue added in searchingValue added in searching 2828可整理可整理pptpptThe Valuation of Information Goodsdemand curve:heterogeneousValueValueCustomersCustomersWhat should we do?What should we do?2929可整理可整理pptpptCustomization&Price Discrimination ValueValue P P CustomersCustomers3030可整理可整理pptpptThe Valuation of Information GoodsExperience GoodsValuation after Consumption(e.g.a film,MBA)What should we do?3131可整理可整理pptpptExperience Goods Brand NameFree Samples3232可整理可整理pptpptThe Valuation of Information GoodsExclusivity higher value when it is scarcehigher value when it is scarcePopularity (Network Externality)Higher value when it is popularHigher value when it is popularwhat should we do?3333可整理可整理pptpptNetwork Externality ValueValue virtuous circle virtuous circle vicious circlevicious circle UsersUsers3434可整理可整理pptpptExclusivity&Popularity VersioningFree Distribution for a Critical Mass3535可整理可整理pptpptValue Added in Searching InternetPortal&LinksArchive3636可整理可整理pptpptThe Nature of Information Goods Physical NaturePhysical NatureIndestructible vs.PerishableIndestructible vs.PerishableNon-Depletable&ReproducibleNon-Depletable&ReproducibleTransmutable&Non-FixationTransmutable&Non-Fixation3737可整理可整理pptpptThe Physical Nature of Information GoodsIndestructibleLack of normal wear&tearLack of normal wear&tearShrinking market due to resale Shrinking market due to resale PerishableTime dependable Time dependable What should we do?What should we do?3838可整理可整理pptpptIndestructible vs.Perishable Planned ObsolescenceCustomizationReal time application3939可整理可整理pptpptThe Physical Nature of Information GoodsNon-DepletableCan be shared Can be shared ReproducibleNear zero marginal costNear zero marginal costWhat should we do?What should we do?4040可整理可整理pptpptThe Physical Nature of Information GoodsTransmutableCan be easily altered Can be easily altered Problem of authenticity&integrity Problem of authenticity&integrity Non-FixationAlways growing&no final cutAlways growing&no final cutWhat should we do?What should we do?4141可整理可整理pptpptReproducible&Non-Fixation Continuous UpdatingSelling the connection instead of the information4242可整理可整理pptpptInformation EconomyAn Economy with super connectivity(communication with near zero cost)where information goods become the center of economic activities 4343可整理可整理pptppte-CommerceUse of Internet to enhance communications&transactions with an organizations stakeholders(people who determine its future):4444可整理可整理pptppte-BusinessA new business approach based on the possibilities provided by the interactive nature of the Internet4545可整理可整理pptpptThe Nature of Information Economy Business Mode:Mass CustomizationMass CustomizationImmediate&Ubiquitous Immediate&Ubiquitous Business Structure:Hollywood EffectHollywood Effect4646可整理可整理pptpptImmediate&Ubiquitous Todays InternetTodays InternetUbiquitous InternetUbiquitous InternetIntermediaryIntermediaryDestination Website Destination Website MobilemediaryMobilemediaryAccess PointAccess PointPC with Web browserPC with Web browserPDA,Wireless,Interactive TV,Kiosks,POS PDA,Wireless,Interactive TV,Kiosks,POS terminal,smart card terminal,smart card Reach CustomerReach CustomerWhen browsing web on PCWhen browsing web on PCWhenever&whereverWhenever&whereverCustomer FocusCustomer FocusPrice conscious shopperPrice conscious shopperImmediate need to be servedImmediate need to be servedStrategyStrategyFocus on contentFocus on contentBuild destination websiteBuild destination websitePersonalize web pagePersonalize web pageWait for customersWait for customersFocus on contextFocus on contextBuild ubiquitous agentBuild ubiquitous agentKnow when you are needed and be thereKnow when you are needed and be there4747可整理可整理pptpptHollywood Effect:Out Sourcing Transaction cost vs.Economy of scaleTransaction cost:cost of information for Transaction cost:cost of information for search,negotiate&enforce a contractsearch,negotiate&enforce a contractEconomy of scaleEconomy of scaleInternalize vs.ExternalizeHigh transaction cost:internalizeHigh transaction cost:internalizeHigh economy of scale:High economy of scale:externalizeexternalize4848可整理可整理pptpptModule IICountry EvaluationIIBD 0105Dr.Tang4949可整理可整理pptpptAgendaUnderstand SystemUnderstand SystemIdentify Opportunity Identify Opportunity MarketMarket ResourcesResourcesIdentify RiskIdentify Risk Economic RiskEconomic Risk Political RiskPolitical Risk Legal RiskLegal RiskCountry Selection Country Selection Porters Diamond Porters Diamond&Eclectic TheoryEclectic Theory Opportunity Risk Grid Opportunity Risk Grid&BERIBERI Attractiveness&Competence ProfileAttractiveness&Competence Profile5050可整理可整理pptpptUnderstand System Economic:wealth(voluntary trade)wealth(voluntary trade)Ownership,Movement&Creation of ResourcesOwnership,Movement&Creation of ResourcesPolitical:power(coercion)power(coercion)Articulate&Aggregate of Individual InterestArticulate&Aggregate of Individual Interest Make,Implement&Adjudicate Public DecisionMake,Implement&Adjudicate Public DecisionLegal:Reorganization&Enforcement of RulesReorganization&Enforcement of RulesCultural:Shared belief&practice in a group Shared belief&practice in a group 5151可整理可整理pptpptEconomic SystemPlanned economy vs.Market Economy Ownership:State(SOE)vs.Private(Privatization)Ownership:State(SOE)vs.Private(Privatization)Allocation:Command vs.PriceAllocation:Command vs.PriceRationale Market failure:monopoly,friction,income distributionMarket failure:monopoly,friction,income distribution Government failure:information&incentiveGovernment failure:information&incentive Alienation vs.DependenceAlienation vs.DependenceMixed economy 5252可整理可整理pptpptPolitical System Constitutional democracyConstitutional democracy Constitution,Free Election&Freedom of speechConstitution,Free Election&Freedom of speech Legislature,Executive,JudiciaryLegislature,Executive,Judiciary AuthoritarianAuthoritarian Blind submission to authorityBlind submission to authority Totalitarian Totalitarian Subordinate all aspects of individual lifeSubordinate all aspects of individual life5353可整理可整理pptpptPolitical System:Critique Public Choice:Politician as a vote maximizerPolitician as a vote maximizer Short term vs.long term interestShort term vs.long term interestCaptive Theory a few gain a lot at the expense of a few gain a lot at the expense of many loosing a little as individualmany loosing a little as individual Personal stake vs.information&organization costPersonal stake vs.information&organization cost5454可整理可整理pptpptDealing With Government AuthorityAuthorityBargaining StrengthBargaining StrengthAvailable ChoiceAvailable ChoicePossible ResponsePossible Response5C of Negotiation5C of Negotiation Conflicted InterestConflicted Interest Common InterestCommon Interest Criteria(objective)Criteria(objective)Convincing(impossible to give away)Convincing(impossible to give away)Compromising Compromising 5555可整理可整理pptpptLegal System Common Law Common Law Britain&former coloniesBritain&former colonies Tradition,precedent,customTradition,precedent,custom Detailed contact Detailed contact Civil Law(Codified Roman Law)Civil Law(Codified Roman Law)Continental Europe,Japan etc.Continental Europe,Japan etc.Detailed codesDetailed codes Shorter contractShorter contractReligious Law Religious Law Bureaucratic LawBureaucratic Law Consistency,predictability&appeal procedure?Consistency,predictability&appeal procedure?5656可整理可整理pptpptLegal System Public lawPublic law:Constitution&Administrative law:Constitution&Administrative law Commercial code Commercial cod