教育统计学课件.ppt

Statistics for Linguistics StudentsSyllabusAssessmentn10%class attendance and discussionn20%Seven Assignmentsn70%final examCourse BooksnWoods,A.,Fletcher,P.,and Hughes,A.1986.Statistics in Language Studies.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Beijing:FLTRPn李绍山，2001，语言研究中的统计学，西安：西安交通大学出版社。nButler,C.1985.Statistics in Linguistics.New York:Basil Blackwell.ReferencesnBrown,J.D.1988.Understanding Research in Second Language Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.nBrown,J.D.2002.Doing Second Language Research.Oxford:Oxford University Press.nHatch,E.and Lazaraton,A.1991.The Research Manual:Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics.New York:Newbury House Publishers.nHinton,P.2004.Statistics Explained.London:Routledge.nMuijs,D.2004.Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS.London:Sage Publications.1.IntroductionOverview of research methodologyStatistical SoftwarenExcelnSPSS(Statistical Package for Social Sciences)nStatisticanNCSSStatistics and Linguistic StudiesStatistics and Linguistic StudiesStatistics and Linguistic StudiesStatistics and Linguistic Studies2.Describing VariablesTHANK YOUSUCCESS2024/5/8 周三15可编辑VariableA variable can be defined as an attribute of a person,a piece of text,or an object which varies from person to person,text to text,object to object,or from time to time.In a research project,we may wish to look at levels within a variable.For example,we might want to know how well ESL foreign students are able to do some task.The variable is ESL student.That variable may be divided into levels for the purposes of the study.If the study were designed to compare the performance of ESL students who are foreign students with those who are immigrant students,the variable would have two levels.If the study concerned geographic area,a student might be subclassified as South American,European,Middle Eastern,or Asian so that comparisons among these levels of ESL student could be made.The variable would consist of four levels.Or,for the purposes of the study,we might want to divide the variable ESL student into proficiency levels such as advanced,intermediate,and beginner.The variable would then have three levels.Data nData typesnNominal datanNaming,not measurement,no arithmetic valuensex,social status,mother tongue nOrdinal datanOrdering,cant tell the size of the differencenVery unhappyunhappyhappyvery happynThe lessons are boring 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9(Likert-scale)nhave arithmetic value,but the value is not precisenClass rank：1289nInterval datanEach interval value has the same value so that units can be added or subtracted.nTest scores：95907065nRatio datanHave an absolute zero point:height,time,distance,but not temperaturenSeldom used in linguistics studiesMethodPassFailTotalCAI55(85%)10(15%)65Tutoring32(91%)3(9%)35The question of interest is whether the pass probabilities for CAI and Tutoring are the same.Nominal Data n英语期末考试分数数据的变化：Data IntervalOrdinalnominalStudents rank按学生成绩分组Test scoreHigh group,low groupranksnContinuous data and discrete datanFor a continuous data,there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values.It is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts,e.g.test scores,time spent on reading a sentence,etc.nA discrete variable consists of separate,indivisible categories.No values can exist between two neighboring categories,e.g.number of letters in a word.DatanFrequency data and score datanFrequency data show how often a variable is present in the data.The data are noncontinuous and describe nominal(discrete,categorical)variables.nScore data show how much of a variable is present in the data.The data are continuous but the intervals of the scale may be either ordinal or interval measurement of how much.DatanThe following example is drawn from unpublished research projects of ESL teachers.nLennon(1986)wanted to develop some ESL materials to help university students learn how to express uncertainty in seminar discussions.However,he could find no descriptions that said how native speakers carry out this specific speech function.In his research project,then,he tape-recorded seminars and abstracted all the uncertainty expressions uttered by teachers and students.He categorized these expressions into five major types plus one other category.First,the subject variable is status with two levels.The variable type is nominal.If he assigned numbers to the levels of a variable,these numbers would have no arithmetic value.Assume that a 1 was arbitrarily assigned to one level and a 2 to the other.If he added all the 1s for this variable,he would obtain the frequency for the number of students in the study.If he added the 2s,this would be the frequency for the number of teachers in the study.nThe second variable in the research is uncertainty expressions.It,too,is a nominal variable.If Lennon found six hedge types in the data,he could assign numbers to identify each of the six hedge types.The numbers would represent the six levels.The total number of instances of each would be tallied from the data.ExampleVariablesnDependent Variable,DVnthe major variable that will be measured in the research nIndependent Variable,IVna variable that the researcher suspects may relate to or influence the dependent variable nMediating variablenmoderating independent variables ncontrol variablena variable that is not of central concern in a particular research project but which might affect the outcome nintervening variablen the same thing as a moderating variable.The only difference is that the intervening variable has not been or cannot be identified in a precise way Variables Reading material:variable.doc研究授课时数与语言能力之间的关系：自变量：授课时数因变量：语言能力调节变量：年龄控制变量：性别介入变量：学习Variablesn在Tuckman的指导下，Orefice对两种性格不同的学生(抽象型和具体型)试验了四种不同的方法：(1)用录音带和手册来自学；(2)在课室使用程序教学；(3)程序教学加课堂讲授；(4)传统的课堂讲授加讨论。他的假设是抽象型的学生容易接受(1)和(2)种方法，时间花得少，效果较好；而具体型的学生则容易接受(3)和(4)种方法。Variables没有在假设中提到，可能是教学内容、教学班大小、学生的年龄、性别。阅读水平也可能是一个重要的控制变量。Control variable4种教学方式的课堂组织形式和不同类型的学生之间的关系Intervening variable2种不同水平的性格Moderating variable学生的成绩、所花的时间、对教学方法的喜欢程度Dependent variable4种不同水平的教学方法的比较Independent variableVariablesTHANK YOUSUCCESS2024/5/8 周三29可编辑