Postmodernism-后现代主义简论.pptx

BROCKOVICHBROCKOVICH-After reading Postmodernism:A Very Short Introduction,by Christopher Butler,professor in Oxford University,UK.Postmodernism is a philosophical movement away from the viewpoint of modernism(现代主义).“That postmodernism is indefinable is a truism.However,it can be described as a set of critical,strategic and rhetorical practices employing concepts such as difference,repetition,the trace,the simulacrum,and hyper reality to destabilize other concepts such as presence,identity,historical progress,epistemic certainty,and the univocity(单义多名)of meaning.”-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy It holds realities to be plural and relative,and dependent on who the interested parties are and what their interests consist of.It upholds the belief that there is no absolute truth and the way in which different people perceive the world is subjective.For the battles around postmodernism(quite unlike the battles around modernism)have had the distinctive feature that,thanks to the rise of theory,they raise perennial philosophical questions.It is this underlying deep dialectic(辩证对话辩证对话)between reason and scepticism(怀疑论怀疑论),reality and the image,the political powers of inclusion and exclusionwhich is central to postmodernism thought,and it is a dialectic that will continue to engage us for some time to come.Postmodernism is human-oriented and liberalized.It focuses on reflecting personality and culture as well as the continuity of the history and civilization.It also highly unifies contradictions,complexity and diversity.While modernism is based on the philosophy of rationalism(理性主义)and realism,postmodernism is based on romanticism and individualism.ArchitectureArchitecture Design Design ModernismModernismPostmodernismPostmodernismPostmodernism DesignPostmodernism DesignEarly One MorningEarly One MorningConceptualConceptualWork of ArtWork of ArtModernism:Modernism attempts to construct a coherent world-viewAsserts that mankind progresses by using science and reasonBelieves in learning from past experiences and trusts the texts that narrate the pastConsiders the original works as authentic Postmodernism:Attempts to remove the difference between high and lowBelieves that progress is the only way to justify the European domination on cultureDefies any truth in the text narrating the past and renders it of no use in the present timesBase its views on hyper-reality The fundamental difference between modernism and postmodernism is that modernist thinking is about the search of an abstract truth of life while postmodernist thinkers believe that there is no universal truth,abstract or otherwise.Constructivism 构成主义Purism 纯粹主义Metaphysics 形而上学Simplism 简约主义ModernismModernismDeconstruction 解构主义Surrealism 超现实主义Expressionism 表现主义Structuralism 结构主义PostmodernismPostmodernismRelativism-the view that truth itself is always relative to the differing standpoints and predisposing intellectual frameworks of the judging subject.The relationship of language to reality is not given,or even reliable.Former Point:“The relationship between language and the world is well founded and reliable.”is challenged When reading a book or essay,does the author opens a door upon reality?However,what we really know is the authors description of it.And especially when we come across a metaphor EXAMPLE-Metaphor in Middlemarch by George Eliot:The character thinks her life seemed to have become a masque with enigmatical costumes.(似乎变成了假面剧，有着谜一般的服装。)The description of the character is only valid within,and so relative to,the masque-appreciating discourse which is current within a certain group.Postmodernistideasinphilosophyandtheanalysisofcultureandsocietyexpandedtheimportanceofcriticaltheoryandhasbeenthepointofdepartureforworksofliterature,architecture,anddesign,aswellasbeingvisibleinmarketing/businessandtheinterpretationofhistory,lawandculture,startinginthelate20thcentury.Thesedevelopmentsre-evaluationoftheentireWesternvaluesystem(love,marriage,popularculture,shiftfromindustrialtoserviceeconomy)thattookplacesincethe1950sand1960s,withapeakintheSocialRevolutionof1968aredescribedwiththetermPostmodernityPostmodernity,asopposedtoPostmodernismPostmodernism,atermreferringtoanopinionormovement.WhereassomethingbeingPostmodernistwouldmakeitpartofthemovement,itsbeingPostmodernwouldplaceitintheperiodoftimesincethe1950s,makingitapartofcontemporaryhistory.Asaresult,worklikethishappilydeconstructsitselfSotheythoughttheyshouldallowforthevitality,andnodoubttheprovocation,tobegainedfromdisunityandcontradictionTheythoughtthatform-following-functionlanguageofmodernistarchitecturewasfartoopuritanical1.Existentialism Literature 存在主义 Outsider,by Albert Camus2.Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派戏剧 The Bald Prima Donna,by Eugene Ionesco3.Magical Realism 魔幻现实主义 Cien Anos de Soledad,by Gabriel Garca Mrquez (百年孤独)4.Le Nouveau Roman 新小说派 Gravitys Rainbow,by Pynchon.T.5.Sick Humor 黑色幽默派 Slaughterhouse-Five,Kurt Vonnegut Postmodern music is either simply music of the postmodern era,or music that follows aesthetical and philosophical trends of postmodernism.As the name suggests,the postmodernist movement formed partly in reaction to modernism.Even so,postmodern music still does not primarily define itself in opposition to modernist music.Among the philosophy and ethics,the aesthetics,and the political sociology of postmodernism exists some broad distinctions.In all three areas the criteria for being postmodern vary a great deal:the very term postmodernist draws attention to a mixture of historical period and ideological(意识形态的意识形态的)implications.The claim of any work of art or thinker or social practice to typify postmodernist doctrines,or to diagnose with accuracy the social condition of postmodernity,will therefore depend on the vary diverse criteria that have held sway in the minds of most commentators on the subject.Postmodernism do not simply support aesthetic isms,or avant-grade(先锋派先锋派)movements such as minimalism or conceptualism.They have a distinct way of seeing the world as a whole,and use a set of philosophical ideas that not only support an aesthetic but also analyze a late capitalist cultural condition of postmodernity.This condition is supposed to affect us all,not just through avant-grade art,but also at a more fundamental level,through the influence of that huge growth in media communication by electronic means.And yet in our new info society,paradoxically enough,most info is apparently to be distrusted,as being more of a contribution to the manipulative image-making of those in power than to the advancement of knowledge.The postmodernist attitude is therefore one of a suspicion which can border on paranoia(偏执狂偏执狂).The enduring achievements of postmodernism are therefore likely to be found not within philosophy or politics,or even in moral thought,but within the artistic culture.The politics of the postmodernist era will probably take care of itself as the conditions under which it became popular change,but what will remain,if some sense of history and tradition also remains,is a sense of postmodernism as a cultural phenomenon,which has left the world over the last 30 years of its canon of major works.But it is crucial to remember that in the arts,too,alternative traditions persistand for two main reasonsfirstly,because modernist traditions continue,and there are many artists who have learnt something from postmodernism without being devoted followers of it.Some modernist movementssuch as Dada(达达达达派派)seem to have been fairly directly appropriated by postmodernists.Such resembles and continuities from one period to another are never too difficult to find,and the divergences into postmodernism from modernism here are a matter of different values involved.We should be prepared to see many postmodernist ideas as very interesting and influential,and as the key to some good experimental artbut at best confused,and at worst simply untrue.This is not unusualthe essential leading ideas of many cultural epochs are open to the same criticism.Once found out,such ideas are either reinterpreted or just condemned to obsolescence.All extremist intellectual movements in history have this character and postmodernism is one of them.The rise of radical ideas in the 20th century has generally led to disillusion followed by modification,and this seems already to be the fate of postmodernism,from the 1960s to the 1990s.After all,it has already lasted as long as the high modernism of the period before the warof which it is,for those in favour of it,the politically progressive replacement,and for those against it,the last decadent gasp(苟延残喘苟延残喘).