临床兽医学专业英语.ppt

临床兽医学专业英语Specialized English in Clinical Veterinary Medicine授课教师:唐兆新教授授课时间:2006年9月-2007年1月Lesson 7Renal function and micturition In the kidneys,a fluid that resembles plasma is filtered through the glomerular capillaries into the renal tubules(glomerular filtration).As this glomerular filtrate passes down the tuhules,its volume is reduced and its composition altered by the processes of tubular reabsorption(removal of water and solutes from the tubular fluid)to form the urine that enters the renal pelvis.A comparison of the composition of the plasma and an average urine specimen illustrates the magnitude of some of these changes and emphasizes the manner in which wastes are eliminated while water and important electrolytes and metabolites are conserved.Lesson 7Renal function and micturition Furthermore,the composition of the urine can be varied,and many homeostatic regulatory mechanisms minimize or prevent changes in the composition of the ECF by changing the amount of water and various specific solutes in the urine.From the renal pelvis,the urine passes to the bladder and is expelled and is expelled to the exterior by the process of urination,or micturition.The kidneys make prostaglandins and kinins,and they are also endocrine organs,secreting renin and renal erythropoietic factor and forming 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.Part IHow to Make Use of the Linguistic Features of Scientific PapersVocabulary-basic elementsTypically professionalized terms-Specifically concentrated meaning-Absorb-take inObserve-look atEffective verbsindicate show illustrate demonstratereview report outline describe verifyprove confirm define determine enumerate compare investigate develop concludeHighly proportional Latin and Greek wordsAnalysis micro-Stimulus hydro-Focus auto-Formula multi-Antenna -graphNucleus -logySymposium -sisUsually used compound wordswavelengthWater-proofbiophysicalhistopathologicalbiochemistryBiochipbiotinylationFrequently encountered contracted wordse.g.RBC WBC cit.SARS i.e.ibid vs etc.et al.Sentence structuresMore indicative sentences Gathering facts,confirming them,suggesting theories,testing them,and organizing findings this is all the works of science.Distillation is helpful to separating water from dissolved salts and other substances.Generally speaking,neither gold nor stone are soluble in water.More imperative sentencesFill in a tube with cold water,and then heat the tube to 100.Now let K equal to zero,then we obtain the following equation.More complex sentencesThe focal point of any investigation of animal disease is the making of a diagnosis,and the critical part in making that decision is the clinical examination of the individual animal or group of animal.Therefore,it is appropriate that the first part of title deal with this important subject.More sentence patterns of“it be+adj.Or participles+that”It has been proposed that PT pore opening may also be an early event in apoptosis.Body oxygen consumption falls progressively with increasingly severe sepsis.As over 90%of total oxygen consumed by the body is by the cytochrome oxidase enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain,it is reasonable to infer that an increasing degree of mitochondrial dysfunction is present in such critically ill patients.More short form sentences led by“as”For example:As have stated aboveAs in figure 3As the illustration showsAs followsMore passive voiceThis article examines recent methods for measuring reactive oxygen species produced in isolated mitochondria and within live cells,with particular emphasis on the detection of hydrogen peroxide.Protocols for reliable measurements of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide are presented,while the advantages and pitfalls of these and other methods are discussed.How to write the introductionPoint out the major works-whatPropose the research fields-whereShow the goals and results-whyIndicate the plans of writing-howThe suggestion on.was given byhoweverThe experiment onwas carried byThe research onwas made byThe results made byhave shownRecent experiments byhave suggestedThe previous work on has indicatedExperimental descriptionDescription of experimentTest and equipmentExperimental procedureMaterials and methodsResults and discussionThe results are shown in table 1.The test results presented in fig.2 showFrom,we now concludeWe have demonstrated in this paperThe results of the experiment indicateIn conclusion,the results showFinally,a summary is given of Acknowledgements wishes to express his sincere appreciation to for thank for is grateful to forWe wish express our thanks toThanks are due to forThis work was supported in part bySupport by is gratefully acknowledged.Acknowledgement is made to forHow to classify and select useful sentence patternsstating primary objectivesThe purpose of this paper isThe primary goal of this research isThe intention of this paper is to surveyThe overall objective of this study isIn this paper,was provided(given)Our goal has been to provideThe emphasis of this study lies inThe present work is concerned with the processes underlyingThe above work deals with the mechanism involved inOur work at present is devoted to the changes occurring inThe work we heave done bears on the effects produced byThe work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described inCompared with the current research,the previous work was in connection with the investigation made byThe work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the followingThe chief aim of the present work is to investigate the changes ofThe main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of The major object of our further work will be research into the nature ofOur work in this direction has been intended to provide some information aboutThe work which is being done new is designed to find some solution to the problems ofWork of this kind has been started in order to probe into the role ofThe chief aim of the present study is to find outThe primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause ofThe main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge ofThe study of was made in order to clarifyWith recent research,the author intends to outline the framework ofWe performed this present study in the hope that we might bring to light some facts aboutWe made these experiments in order to show a correlation between.The author attempted the set of experiment with a view to demonstrate certain phenomenaExperiments on were made in order to measure the amount ofExperiments involving have been carried out to determineThe experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result ofLesson 9 Receptor The chemical moiety on or in the target cell that provides recognition of the chemical messenger is presumed to be the same as the binding site for the chemical messenger and is the minimal unit referred to as“receptor”.Not only must the chemical messenger be recognized,but the combination of it with receptor must initiate the series of biochemical events that result ultimately in a biological event.Thus,the concept of receptor implies that the same molecule that has the binding or recognition site can participate normally in the initiating event in cell activation.This part of the molecule may be referred to as“effector”.In all likelihood,the same molecule contains both“recognition”and“activation”regions,which may be separate,identical,or partially overlapping.Many of the receptors for chemical messengers have now been isolated and characterized.These proteins are not static components of the cell,but their numbers increase in response to various stimuli,and their properties change with changes in physiologic conditions.When a hormone or neurotransmitter is present in excess,the number of active receptors generally decreases (down regulation),whereas in the presence of a deficiency of the chemical messenger,there is an increase in the number of active receptors (up regulation).There are also cross stimulation effects,one substance affecting the number or the affinity of receptor for other substances,or both.Receptor-mediated endocytosis is responsible for down regulation in some instances.As noted above,ligands bind to their receptors in the membrane and the ligand-recepor complexes move laterally in the membrane to coated pits,where they are taken into the cell by endocytosis(internalization).This decreases the number of receptors in the membrane.Some receptors appear to be recycled after internalization,whereas others are only replaced by de novo synthesis in the cell.Internalization is too slow a process to explain the rapid actions of hormones,but it has been argued that some of the slower actions of hormones may be due to the action of internalized hormone within the cell.Limiting scope of work(1)This problem is concerned with the study ofThe problem of deals largely with the determination of The problem they have advanced bears on the elucidation ofThe problem to be discussed in this paper is related closely withThe problem under investigation involves some significant agreements and disagreements inLimiting scope of work(2)This is a problem concerned with the nature of This is a problem relating to the influence ofThis is a problem which deals with the role of This is a problem which bears on the effect ofThis is a problem as mentioned previously inLimiting scope of work(3)The problem is within the scope ofOur problem lies beyond the range of The problem you have just outlined seems to be outside of the province ofThe problem the authors have raised goes off the limits ofThe problem under discussion is not within the scope ofLimiting scope of work(4)Studies of these effects covered various aspects ofInvestigations on involved also specific situations.Our studies with this technique are confined to one particular aspect.More recent studies by this worker were chiefly concerned with the influence ofThe new findings from the experiment agree to this result obtained inLimiting scope of work(5)The authors have extended their studies to some other related species.We hope to expand our investigations to include other materials.The research we have done deserves further studies.The investigation carried out the the experts suggests an increase of the application inLesson 10 Nutrition and Reduced Lambing Interval In systems where reduced lambing interval is sought,the most severe delayed penalties of low live weight or prolonged anestrus associated with lactation are apparent.试图缩短产羔间隔的各种方法总是导致活试图缩短产羔间隔的各种方法总是导致活重降低或泌乳期乏情期延长的严重后果。重降低或泌乳期乏情期延长的严重后果。Success in these management strategies calls for knowledge of interactions between hormones,body condition and current nutrition in setting the stage for ovulation,behavioural estrus,implantation,foetal growth and next lactation.其其成功有赖于对排卵、发情、植入、胎成功有赖于对排卵、发情、植入、胎儿生长和泌乳各阶段激素、体况和营养儿生长和泌乳各阶段激素、体况和营养相互关系的了解。相互关系的了解。Attempts to reduce lambing interval,either to lambing on an eight-month basis(three lambings in two years)or a six-month basis(twice-a-year lambing)produce major problem.In particular,the lactation/suckling effects on estrous activity are in escapable under lambrearing conditions.无论是将产羔间隔缩短到无论是将产羔间隔缩短到8个月（两年三羔）还是个月（两年三羔）还是6个月（一年两羔），都可能出现一些问题，特别是个月（一年两羔），都可能出现一些问题，特别是在哺乳羔羊的情况下，泌乳和吮乳对发情活动的在哺乳羔羊的情况下，泌乳和吮乳对发情活动的（抑制）作用是不可避免的。（抑制）作用是不可避免的。Some nutritional effects on post-partum anestus in Dorset x Merino ewes have been examined.In a control group grazing autumn-winter pasture at high stocking rate,50%of ewes exhibited the first post-partum estrus over a period from 40 to 120 days after lambing with a modal value of 68 days.已经测定过营养对陶赛特已经测定过营养对陶赛特X美利奴羊产后不发美利奴羊产后不发情的影响。以高载畜量放牧在秋冬草场上的情的影响。以高载畜量放牧在秋冬草场上的对照组母羊，对照组母羊，50%在产后在产后40-120天出现第一次天出现第一次发情，其中产后发情，其中产后68天出现发情的羊最多。天出现发情的羊最多。Of the parallel group of ewes given 500g lupins/head,day,85%exhibited estus,scattered over a period of 45-90 days with a modal value of 60 days.Nutrition during only 10 days(at 20-30 days post-partum)was as effective as extended feeding over the 30 days post-partum,and more effective than sustained feeding.每天喂以每天喂以500g羽扇豆的处理母羊，羽扇豆的处理母羊，85%在产后在产后40-90天内陆续发情，多数羊在产后天内陆续发情，多数羊在产后60天发情，天发情，产后仅补饲产后仅补饲10天（产后天（产后20-30天）和产后天）和产后30天天连续补饲的效果相似，并优于不限期一直补饲连续补饲的效果相似，并优于不限期一直补饲的结果。的结果。The sudden withdrawal of lupins may play a role,i.e.,a decrease in inputs of nutrients following a sudden increase may initiate signals for reentry into reproductive activity.The observations need further examination,but the mechanism is likely to involve an endocrine-nutrition interaction which needs to be examined.突然取消饲料重的羽扇豆，其作用可能是在突然取消饲料重的羽扇豆，其作用可能是在突然增加营养摄入后突然减少营养摄入使动突然增加营养摄入后突然减少营养摄入使动物产生了进入繁殖状态的信号，对上述观察物产生了进入繁殖状态的信号，对上述观察结果需要进一步检测，但其机理可能涉及内结果需要进一步检测，但其机理可能涉及内分泌与营养之间的相互作用。分泌与营养之间的相互作用。The possible interaction between nutrition,progesterone conditioning and the“ram effect”needs full investigation if early resumption of cyclic activity in the lactating ewe is to be exploited.Weaning of lambs can decrease the interval to first post-partum estrus but nutritional and physiological strategies permitting mating during early or mid lactation would allow more options.要使泌乳羊早日恢复周期活动，应对营养状态、孕酮要使泌乳羊早日恢复周期活动，应对营养状态、孕酮水平、公羊效应之间的关系进行充分研究。虽然羔羊水平、公羊效应之间的关系进行充分研究。虽然羔羊断奶可以缩短分娩到出现第一次发情的间隔，但在泌断奶可以缩短分娩到出现第一次发情的间隔，但在泌乳早期和中期还有多种营养和生理的使母羊接收交配乳早期和中期还有多种营养和生理的使母羊接收交配的处理方式可供的处理方式可供Exogenous hormone treatment can be effective,but the mechanisms may be more sophisticated or more complicated than merely over-riding the endocrinological effects of suckling and lactation fore a period of time.使用外源性激素也可使泌乳羊恢复周期活动，使用外源性激素也可使泌乳羊恢复周期活动，与吮吸和一段时间泌乳所引起的单纯性内分与吮吸和一段时间泌乳所引起的单纯性内分泌作用相比，其机理更加深奥和复杂。泌作用相比，其机理更加深奥和复杂。Describing experiments(1)The experiment consisted of three steps,which are described in table 3.The test equipment which was used consisted of 5 force-measuring transducers and 2 recording instruments furnished byDescribing Experiments(2)An experiment of the kind has not been made.The kind of experiment you have in mind has never been carried out until nowThe kind of experiment you mentioned would not be undertaken in the near future.So far we have not performed any experiment of this kind.Until now the authors have not attempted any field experiments of however,no direct experimental measurements of this have been reported.到到，从未有过某方面的实验从未有过某方面的实验Describing Experiments(3)We have carried out several sets of experiments to test theThey undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis whichWe initiated experiments to proveA number of experiments were performed to checkMany studies have to be attempted to verify进行该项实验，以检验进行该项实验，以检验Describing Experiments(4)某项某项实验证实实验证实Recent experiments in this area have suggested thatThe present series of experiments have indicated thatThe experiments reported here demonstratedThe above-mentioned experiment has proved the new technique is very reliable.This conclusion is also supported by the experiment as has been described previously.Introducing Research Methods