医学专业英语Chapter-2.1.ppt

Chapter 2 Section B ReadingsPassage 1 Diseases and Disorders The first periodContentsoMedical terminology(1-12),30 for totaloPassage one(Paras.1-8)Medical terminology(1-12)a-,an-not/without（无；缺）oAsymptomatic:without symptoms oAnemia:-emia blood,hence lack of blood oAmorphous:morph/o shape,form;-ous pertaining to,hence pertaining to the condition of lacking shapeAna-apart（开；分开）oAnatomy:cutting apart the body as a branch of medical sciencesoAnalysis:-lysis separation/breakdown,hence examination through separation,taking things apartoAnalyst:-yst=ist specialist,hence a specialist whose work is to carry out analysis Angi/o vessels（血管）oAngiogram:-gram record,hence the x-ray photo of the blood vesseloAngioplasty:-plasty surgical repair surgical repair of the vessel oAngitis:-it is inflammation,hence inflammation of the blood vesselAnti-against(抗)oAntibody：body substance,hence,a protein substance produced in the blood or tissues of animals or man that destroys or weakens bacteria or neutralizes中和中和 the poison they produceoAntigen:a substance,usually foreign to(such as a poison,virus etc.),that stimulates刺激刺激 the production of antibodiesoAntibiotic:a chemical substance derived from a mold铸型铸型 or bacterium细菌细菌 that can kill microorganisms微生物微生物 and cure bacterial infections-ary pertaining tooPulmonary：pulm/o the lungs,hence something to do with the lungsoUrinary:urin/o urine,hence pertaining to urinary system/tractoHereditary:Pertaining to heredityDe-lack of/down/loss(脱、去、缺)oDeficiency：lack of enoughoDegeneration：the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality元气元气 or essential quality oDeoxyribonucleic：pertaining to DNA，ribonucleic acid without oxygenDia-complete,across,throughoDiagnosis:gnos/o knowledge hence the complete knowledge about a patientoDialysis:-lysis separate or breakdown,hence complete separate of waste matter from that is,the process of cleaning wastes from the blood artificially oDiameter:-meter instrument of measurement of a round surface,that is,instrument of measuring from one side to the other side acrossElectr/o electricityoElectrocardiograph:-graph an instrument of recording,hence the machine which records the heart electric waveoElectromyogram:my/o muscle,-graph record,hence the record of muscle electric wave(electric instrument for measuring muscular activities)oElectroencephalogram:encephal/o brain,hence the record of electric wave of the brainEn-in,withinoEndemic:dem/o people,hence to do with disease which appear within a particular group of people oEnclose:to close inoEngulf:to swallow inGnos/o knowledge(知)oDiagnosis:-sis state or condition,hence complete knowledge of a patientoAgnostic:Not knowing,denying the existence of godoPrognosis:pro-before,hence the state of knowing something before it actually occurs(knowing the result of the disease before it actually happens)-gram record,x-ray record(图；像)oElectrocardiogram:Electric record of heart wavesoAngiogram:an X-ray photo of blood vessels by using a medium,usually barium钡钡oMyelogram:an X-ray photo of spinal cord-graph instrument of recording or examiningoElectrocardiograph:instrument for recording heart wavesoChronograph:chron/o time,hence the instrument which measures the time(instrument for recording time)oSpirograph:spir/o breathing,hence the instrument which measures the breath(instrument for recording breath)Passage One Human DiseasesLearning Target1.Diseases and Pathology 2.The Classification of Diseases3.Germs Invasion of the Human body 4.The Bodys Defense Against Invasion5.The Bodys Immunity to Diseases Questions:oWhat is pathology?oWhat does the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasize?oHow can a disease be classified?oHow germs enter the human body?oHow does the human body fight against diseases?oDescribe the function antibodies.brief survey 概论概论glimpse 印象印象 fundamentals 基础、原理基础、原理 the picture is not complete 这一概论就这一概论就不完整不完整 the modern approach to the study of disorder 现代对疾病的研究方法现代对疾病的研究方法 aspect方面方面 defined as a condition 被定义为一种状态被定义为一种状态succumb to 受制于受制于in turn 反过来说反过来说detect 觉察觉察swollen blood vessel 血管扩张血管扩张strikes 侵袭侵袭community 社区社区runs a short course 病程短病程短 ooften hits without warning 常常常发作没有前兆常发作没有前兆ogradual onset 发病慢发病慢oailment（精神）病（精神）病ocausative agents 病原体病原体oairborne droplets 空气小粒空气小粒osneeze 打喷嚏打喷嚏oproduce 导致导致 oa disease-producing organism 一一个个致病的有机体致病的有机体odisturbances紊乱紊乱opoorly operating nervous system o神经系统工作不良神经系统工作不良oprovoked 引发引发odrug addiction 吸毒成性吸毒成性oFurthermore 而且而且gene patterns 基因基因improperly operating 工作状态不良工作状态不良Genetic disorders 基因失调基因失调inborn errors of metabolism 先天性代谢失调先天性代谢失调mental retardation 智力发育迟缓智力发育迟缓places to breed 繁衍的世界繁衍的世界broadly 广义地广义地ward off 阻止阻止osexual contact 性接触性接触ocholera 霍乱霍乱otyphoid fever 伤寒热伤寒热otainted 腐烂的腐烂的obarriers 屏障屏障ooffer considerable resistance 在很大程度在很大程度上抵抗上抵抗oIn minor cases在较轻的病例中在较轻的病例中olined with mucus-secreting cells 覆盖满覆盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞了能分泌黏液的细胞otrap 捕捉捕捉 odust particles 尘粒尘粒owave like a field of wheat 象象麦麦田田里的小麦一样舞动里的小麦一样舞动oforeign matter 异物异物opotential 潜在的潜在的othrive 蓬勃繁殖蓬勃繁殖oassumes higher 达到高烧达到高烧oWax 蜡蜡 oflock to 群集在群集在otry to localize the infection 使感染局部化使感染局部化opus-filled abscesses 脓块脓块oUnless 如果不如果不odrain 排除排除oblocked 挡住挡住otender 松柔的松柔的oBrought 感染上传感染上传otraces 侵袭侵袭olong-lasting 长期的长期的orange 包括包括oare a class of 一种被称为一种被称为osites 部位部位olink with 相连相连ohook up 粘和粘和oout of action 失去作用失去作用 oby inactivating 失去活性失去活性okey portion of the harmful substance 关关键键有害部分有害部分obutter the surface 表面涂上一些奶油表面涂上一些奶油omake them tastier to phagocytes 让让吞吞噬噬细细胞更喜欢吞噬它们胞更喜欢吞噬它们ointermediate 中间体中间体oActually destroy 实施消灭实施消灭fixes 会有一个会有一个eat through 咬穿咬穿burst 暴开暴开several kinds 若干若干the most plentiful and versatile 数数量量最最多多用用途最多途最多next most plentiful 数量次多数量次多adapted to 适合适合at the first signs of 一有一有出现出现 against the infection 对付传染病对付传染病involved 涉及涉及triggered by 触发触发to multiply 准备繁殖准备繁殖are not the best qualified to fight a wide range of antigens不不是是对对付付广广普普抗抗原原的的最最好好选择选择oconcentrates 集中集中osticks well to 粘连粘连oswitched off 停止停止oexample of negative feedback control 消极反馈控制的例子消极反馈控制的例子Para.1The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that areconsidered the fundamentals of medical sciences,namely anatomy and physiology.However,the picture is not complete without considering pathology,the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease.In fact,the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.Para.1o第一章中，通过对人体的概论，即解剖学与生理学，我们对两种被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了一个大致的印象。然而如果我们不考虑病理学，这门涉及由疾病带来的结构和功能变化的学科，上述的人体概论就不是完整的。实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调了病理学与生理学方面的密切关系，强调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面需要了解病理学与生理学基础的重要性。Para.2 oThen what is a disease?It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts.Every living thing,both plants and animals,can succumb to disease.People,for example,are often infected by tiny bacteria,but bacteria,in turn,can be infected by even more minute viruses.Para.2o那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定义为正常的功能或是部分功能遭受损害时的一种状态。每一种生物、植物和动物，都会受制于疾病。例如，人类常常被微小的细菌所感染，但是，反过来说，细菌又能够被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。Para.3oHundreds of different diseases exist.Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs,clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem.A symptom is something a patient can detect,such as fever,bleeding,or pain.A sign is something a doctor can detect,such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.Para.3 o许多种疾病存在于世。每一种都有其特定的症状、征兆和线索，医生能以此诊断疾病之所在。症状是病人自己就能觉察到的，比如，高烧、流血，或是疼痛。而征兆则是医生能够观察到的，比如，血管扩张或是体内器官肿大。Para.4 Diseases can be classified differently.For instance,an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community.When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease.An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course.An acute heart attack,for example,often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal.A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course.The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment.Between the acute and chronic,another type is called subacute.Para.4o疾病可以划分为不同的种类，例如，流行病是一种在某一社区内侵袭许多人的疾病。当它年复一年地袭击同一社区，就成了一种地方病。急性病发作快，但病程短，举个例子来说，急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆，而且会很快致命。慢性病发作则慢，但病程有时会长达几年之久。风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性失调病（慢性病）。而介于急性与慢性之间的另一种类型，就被称为亚急性。Para.5 Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents.For instance,an infectious,or communicable,disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze.Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases.So can viruses.So can tiny worms.Whatever the causative agent might be,it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another.Sometimes,a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease.The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.Para.5o疾病也可以依其病原体来划分，例如，传染病也叫作可传播的疾病，就是一种通过咳嗽和打喷嚏造成的空气小粒来传播的疾病。极小的有机体，如，细菌和真菌可导致传染病。病毒和小虫子也不例外。不论病原体会是什么样，只要它存活于人体内就能够传染给别人。有时，一个致病的有机体侵人人体后，该人却没有显示带病的症状。于是无症状的病原携带者甚至在自己也不知情的情况下就把疾病传染给了他人。Para.6oNoninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body.These include organ or tissue degeneration,erratic cell growth,and faulty blood formation and flow.Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine,the endocrine system,and the urinary and reproductive systems.Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies,lapses in the bodys defense system,or a poorly operating nervous system.Para.6o非传染性疾病是由身体功能失调引起的。这包括血管或组织退化、异常细胞生成，以及异常的血液生成和血液循环。当然其中也包括胃、肠、内分泌系统和泌尿生殖系统的紊乱。一些疾病也可能是由饮食不足、身体抵抗力下降、或是神经系统工作不良造成的。Para.7oDisability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors.These ailments include drug addiction,obesity,malnutrition,and pollution-caused health problems.Para.7o心理因素和社会因素也会引发残废和疾病，这些病包括吸毒成性、肥胖、营养不良和由污染造成的健康问题。Para.8 Furthermore,a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns.Since tiny genes are responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body,missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health.Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolism.Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.Para.8o而且，有上千种乃至为数更多的遗传性出生缺陷是由于基因变化而造成的。由于小小的基因负责着生产许多身体所需的化学物质，它的遗失或是工作状态不良都会严重损害健康。因基因失调而被影响了的身体化学反应被称之为先天性代谢失调。一些智力发育迟缓就是因遗传而造成的。Chapter 2 Section B ReadingsPassage 1 Diseases and Disorder The second period