爱默生课件.ppt

RalphWaldoEmerson（1803-1822）“AmericanConfucius”AbrahamLincoln第一组：殷明雄、李雪云、殷惠敏、张艳、孙梳第一组：殷明雄、李雪云、殷惠敏、张艳、孙梳Page 2目录目录The literature of American RomanticismAn introduction to Ralph Waldo EmersonAn introduction to Ralph Waldo EmersonAn introduction to Ralph Waldo EmersonAn introduction to Ralph Waldo EmersonPoetry:The RhodoraAppreciation of his major worksPage 3The literature of American Romanticismintroductionintroduction：11、TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantTheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsintheperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliteraturehistoryofAmericanliteratureItstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.startedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrvingsTheSketchBookendedwithWhitmansLeavesofGrass.Page 4Americanromanticismn n2.2.ItItwaswasaarebellionrebellionagainstagainstthetheobjectivityobjectivityofofrationalism.rationalism.ForForromantics,romantics,thethefeelings,feelings,intuitionsintuitionsandandemotionsemotionswereweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense;moreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense;n n3.3.TheThe writerswriters emphasizedemphasized individualism,individualism,placingplacing thetheindividualindividualagainstagainstthethegroup.group.TheyTheyaffirmedaffirmedthetheinnerinnerlifelifeofofthetheself,self,andandcherishedcherishedstrongstronginterestinterestininthethepast,past,thethewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrangewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrangen n4.4.BeingBeingaaperiodperiodofofthethegreatgreatfloweringfloweringofofAmericanAmericanliterature,literature,ititisisalsoalsocalledcalledthetheAmericanAmericanRenaissance;Renaissance;Page 5BackgroundnPolitically：After American revolution American developed into a political economic and culture independence democratic and equality became the ideals of the new pletely changes came about in the political life of the countrynEconomically：Industrialism spread widely and fast.A large of immigrants arrived.all these produced an economic boom.Both the change n political and the economic development brought American a sense of optimism and hopePage 6BackgroundnForeign influence：Romanticism emerged in England from 1798 to 1832.it added impetus to the growth of Romanticism in American.In England the general features of the works of Romanticism is dissatisfaction with bourgeois society British Romanticism inspired the American imagination.Thus American Romanticism was in a way derivativePage 7TheromanticisminliteraturenLiterature ceased to be primarily didactic,a servant of politics and religion.nThe romantic values were prominent in American politics,art,and philosophy until the Civil War.Page 8DistinctFeatureofAmericanRomanticismn1、Itwastheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”;n2.IttendedtobedidacticbecauseofPuritaninfluence;n3.ItwasbothimitativeandindependentnThemes:home,familyandchildren,nature,idealizedlove;ApathytomajorproblemsofAmericanlifenTechnique:stanzaforms,BritishEnglish,stereotypedmetaphors,explicitandsuperficialsymbolismPage 9MajorwritersofthisperiodnPoets:HenryWordsworthLongFellow,EdgarEllenPoe,WaltWhitman,EmilyDickinsonnFiction:WashingtonIrving-comicfablesnJamesFenimoreCooper-frontieradventuresnNathanielHawthorne-psychologicalromancesnEdgarAllenPoe-Gothictales哥特式小说哥特式小说Page 10n1.Biographicalintroductionn2.Majorworksn3.Emersonsthoughtsn4.EmersonsinfluencePage 11BiographicalintroductionnRalphWaldoEmersonn(1803-1882)nTherewardofathingwellndoneistohavedoneitn-R.W.EmersonnPage 12n.SonofaNewEnglandclergymen(牧师）牧师）n.WenttoHarvard,reconsiderCalvinist(加尔文教派教加尔文教派教徒徒)belief,embracedUnitarianism（神教派）（神教派）n.BecameaUnitarianministertothesecondchurchofBoston.n.LefthisjobforEuropeandbroughtbackEuropeannRomanticism.n.FormedTranscendentalistClubandbecamespokenmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.Page 13nHeisanphilosopher,poetandprosewriter,themostinfluentialamonghiscontemporaries,andtheleadingfigureandmosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalismPage 14MajorworksnNature论自然论自然nTheAmericanScholar美国学者美国学者nTheDivinitySchoolAddress神学院演说神学院演说nSelf-Reliance论自助论自助nOver-Soul论超灵论超灵Page 15EmersonsThoughtsnAllthethingsintheuniversearetheembodimentsoftheOversoul;thesoulofmanispartoftheOversoul;manisdivine.nTheindividualisthemostimportantofall.mancanhopetobecomebetterandevenperfect;hebelieved“theinfinitudeofman;menshouldandcouldbeself-reliantselfrilaint自力更生的自力更生的;eachmanshouldfeeltheworldashis,andtheworldexistsforhimalone;inthemainoptimisticabouthumanperfectibility可完美性可完美性.nNatureisemblematic,mblmtk.象征的象征的ofGod.ItmediatesbetweenmanandGod;natureisthesymbolofspirit,andthewholesomemoralinfluenceonmanandhischaracter.Page 16OversoulnInNewEnglandtranscendentalism,aspiritualessenceorvitalforceintheuniverseinwhichallsoulsparticipateandthatthereforetranscendsindividualconsciousness.超灵在新英格兰超验论中，代表宇宙中的精神本质或生命超灵在新英格兰超验论中，代表宇宙中的精神本质或生命力，在这里所有的灵魂都参与进来，从而超越了个人意念力，在这里所有的灵魂都参与进来，从而超越了个人意念的范围的范围Page 17EmersonsInfluencenHisgreatestcontributiontoAmericanliteratureandcultureliesinthefactthathefirmlyadvocatedtheestablishmentofanindependentnationalliteratureandculture.nHis“TheAmericanScholar”(aspeechmadeinHarvardCollegein1837,publishedin1838)hasbeenregarded(firstbyOliverWendellHolmes)as“AmericasDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence.”Page 18Page 19DaysnDaughtersofTime,thehypocriticDays,nMuffledanddumblikebarefootdervishes,nAndmarchingsingleinanendlessfile,nBringdiademsandfaggotsintheirhands.nToeachtheyoffergiftsafterhiswill,nBread,kingdoms,stars,andskythatholdsthemall.nI,inmypleachedgarden,watchedthepomp,nForgotmymorningwishes,hastilynTookafewherbsandapples,andtheDaynTurnedanddepartedsilent.I,toolate,nUnderhersolemnfilletsawthescorn.Page 20translationn日子日子nn光阴老人的女儿，伪善的时日，光阴老人的女儿，伪善的时日，n喑哑无语如同赤足的托僧，喑哑无语如同赤足的托僧，n她们单行排列，无始也无终，她们单行排列，无始也无终，n手托皇冠和一根根权杖，手托皇冠和一根根权杖，n按各人的心愿向大家分赠礼品，按各人的心愿向大家分赠礼品，n面包，王国和包罗星辰的天空。面包，王国和包罗星辰的天空。n在枝丫缠绕的花园里，我见此壮观，在枝丫缠绕的花园里，我见此壮观，n忘掉了早晨的愿望，匆匆忙忙地忘掉了早晨的愿望，匆匆忙忙地n采了些香草和苹果，时日便已转过身采了些香草和苹果，时日便已转过身n静默地离去。在她黑色的发带下静默地离去。在她黑色的发带下n我看出她的轻藐，为时已晚我看出她的轻藐，为时已晚Page 21Newwordsnhypocrite伪善者伪善者,伪君子伪君子nmuffled(声音声音)被隔的被隔的,听不太清的听不太清的,隐约的隐约的nbarefoot赤脚的赤脚的,不穿鞋袜的不穿鞋袜的ndervish(伊斯兰教苏非派的高级成员伊斯兰教苏非派的高级成员)托钵僧托钵僧,苦行僧苦行僧ndiadem王冠王冠,冕冕nfaggot柴把柴把;柴捆柴捆npomp华丽华丽;壮观壮观;(典礼等的典礼等的)盛况盛况nhastily匆忙地匆忙地,仓促地仓促地nsolemn严肃的严肃的;庄重的庄重的;庄严的庄严的nfillet带子带子;头带头带,束发带束发带Page 22nThispoetrywaspulishedin1851anditisaboutthetime.nCriticsandreadersallalreadyassertthatthisisthebestpoemwhichhewrote.Andhethinkso.nHesaid:mylifeisforitselfandnotforaspectacle.我为自己而活我为自己而活，而不是一场奇观。，而不是一场奇观。Page 23nTheRhodorabyRalphWaldoEmersonnOnBeingAsked,WhenceIsTheFlower?君问花自何方来君问花自何方来?nInMay,whensea-windspiercedoursolitudes,五月海风刺孤寂五月海风刺孤寂nIfoundthefreshRhodorainthewoods,林间杜鹃跃眼底林间杜鹃跃眼底nSpreadingitsleaflessbloomsinadampnook,潮湿角落无叶花潮湿角落无叶花nTopleasethedesertandthesluggishbrook.笑伴荒野与缓溪笑伴荒野与缓溪.nThepurplepetals,falleninthepool,紫花飘零逐水行紫花飘零逐水行nMadetheblackwaterwiththeirbeautygay;幽水欢畅为落英幽水欢畅为落英nHeremightthered-birdcomehisplumestocool,红鸟浸羽来歇凉红鸟浸羽来歇凉nAndcourttheflowerthatcheapenshisarray.愧向花儿诉衷情愧向花儿诉衷情nRhodora!ifthesagesasktheewhy圣人质问紫杜鹃圣人质问紫杜鹃nThischarmiswastedontheearthandsky,何掷娇颜天地间何掷娇颜天地间nTellthem,dear,thatifeyesweremadeforseeing,双眸生来为睹物双眸生来为睹物nThenBeautyisitsownexcuseforbeing:美丽因之绽芳颜美丽因之绽芳颜nWhythouwertthere,Orivaloftherose!玉姿堪与玫瑰比玉姿堪与玫瑰比nIneverthoughttoask,Ineverknew:因何在此做隐士因何在此做隐士nBut,inmysimpleignorance,suppose且以愚见来揣测且以愚见来揣测nTheself-samePowerthatbroughtmetherebroughtyou.来来去去皆神意来来去去皆神意.Page 24Page 25nTherhodoralisakindofplantanditisverytallabout1to3meters.Anditconsistsofroot,leafandflowers.Itgrowsinthemountains,suchasGuangdong,Hunanandsoon.nAtthesametime,itisalsoakindofpreciousmedicalherbs.Ithasgoodeffecttotreatcolds.Page 26introductiontothepoetrynSomepeopleaskedforEmersonwhythebeautifulrhodoralexistintheworld?nEmerson:Ineverthoughttoask,Ineverknow;nButinmysimpleigorance,suppose;nTheself-samepowerthatbroughtmethere,broughtyou.nEmersonisaidealismpersonandhealwaysbelievesthattherhodoralwascreatedbygod.Page 27nTherhodoralwaspulishedin1834.ItwaseariertwoyearsthanNature.ButithasalreadyembodiedthethoeryoftheNature.nNatureplayanimportantroleintheEmersonshart.Andtheidealofhisnatureisdifferentothers,complicateandration.nHethoughtthatnaturecanreflectthemindofhumanbeinganditisthesymbolofthespirit.Sotherhodoralsymbolizenatureandbeauty.nThispoetryexpresstruth,kindandbeauty.Page 28AppreciationofhisoutstandingworksThesimilaritiesofTranscendentalism(超验主义超验主义)andConfucianism（儒家思想）（儒家思想）.FromTheAmericanScholartoanalyzeConfucianismwithEmersonsidea.nTheideaheexpressedinhisgreatworkTheAmericanScholarplayedanintegralroleinestablishingtheAmericanscholarandtheAmericanspiritofindividualism.Page 29nFirst,bothemphasizedtheimportanceofhumanbeings.Emersonbelieved“theworldisnoting,themanisall.”Heregardedmenasthemainpartofsociety,thustheinnovationofsocietycalledforhumanbeingsself-improvementandself-reliance.Sodidconfucians.Page 30nSecond,thesetwothoughtsalladvocatedpeopleemancipate解解放放theirminds.“Thescholaristhatmanwhomusttakeupintohimselfalltheabilityofthetime,allthecontributionsofthepast,allthehopesofthefuture.Hemustbeauniversityofknowledge.”EmersonhopedallAmericanscholarsdonotimitateEuropeanculturebutformtheirownideas.HebelievedhimselfinspiredbytheDivineSoul圣灵之魂圣灵之魂whichalsoinspiredallmen,thatwastomean,mencanimprovethemselvesbycommunicatingwithDivineSoul.;Hebelieved“itisforyoutoknowall;itisforyoutodareall.”Andconfuciansadvocatedequalitybetweenteachersandstudentsandencouragestudentstoformopinionoftheirown.Obviously,theseideashadagreatinfluenceonbeingseducation.Page 31WRITTEN BY RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803-1882)Page 32Hisattitudetowardsnature:Emersonlovesnature.Hisnatureisthegarment外衣外衣oftheover-soul,symbolicandmoralbound.Natureisnotsomethingpurelyofthematter,butalive with Gods presence.Itexercisesahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanbeings.Children can see nature better than adult.Page 33nTo go into solitude,a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society.(para1)n（textbook 164）nHesetupaclaimtosupportself-cultivationandthoughtonlywhenhumanbeingswerealoneandstayedinsolitudethattheirinherenttalentscouldbebroughttofullplay.nNatureistheembodimentofhumansmind.Joyfulnaturerepresentshappiness,whilesadnatureshowssorrow.Page 34nthe integrity of impression made by manifold natural objects.(Another chapter)n大千世界中多种事物给予的完整的印象大千世界中多种事物给予的完整的印象 It shows Emersons romantic opinion of nature,he regards the various things in the world as a organic whole.(表明爱默生视大千世界为一个有机整体的浪漫主义自然观)Page 35nNature always wears the colors of the spirit.(para4 line6)n大自然总是披着情感的外衣。大自然总是披着情感的外衣。nIn Emersons opinion,spirit involves mans mind and the nature,material is the symbol of spirit.So,he holds the view that mans transcendent effect should be unleashed.(在他看来，精神渗透人的心灵和自然界，物质为精神之象征。他主张发挥人的超验作用)Page 36Self-Reliance-writtenbyRALPHWALDOEMERSON(1803-1882)Page 37ThebackgroundofSelfReliancenEmersonsstrongbeliefintheintegrityoftheindividualissummarizedinhisoft-repeatedphrase,“trustthyself,”andgivenfullexpressioninthisfamousessay“selfreliance,”aviewofdemocraticindividuality.publishedin1841.Page 38ThebriefmeaningofSelf-ReliancenItletreadersknowadheretoselfinthematerialisticsocietyandtobeselfrelianced.Page 39Appreciationofthesentencen1.Nothingisatlastsacredbutintegrityofyourownmind.Absolveyoutoyourself,andyoushallhavethesuffrageoftheworld.再神圣的东西说到底也比不上你刚正不阿的头脑。将再神圣的东西说到底也比不上你刚正不阿的头脑。将自己解脱出来，回归自我，你一定会赢得世人的认可。自己解脱出来，回归自我，你一定会赢得世人的认可。Page 40n2.Mylifeisforitselfandnotforaspectacle.Imuchpreferthatitshouldbeofalowerstrain,soitbegenuineandequal,thanthatitshouldbeglitteringandunsteady.我是为生活而生活，绝不是为了某种辉煌。我更为期我是为生活而生活，绝不是为了某种辉煌。我更为期许的是一种低调的生活，因为这样才平淡而真实，我不愿许的是一种低调的生活，因为这样才平淡而真实，我不愿去追求光彩和动荡。去追求光彩和动荡。Page 41n3.WhatImustdoisallthatconcernsme,notwhatthepeoplethink.Thisrule,equallyarduousinactualandintellectuallife,mayserveforthewholedistinctionbetweengreatnessandmeanness.Itisharderbecauseyouwillalwaysfindthosewhothinktheyknowwhatisyourdutybetterthanyouknowit.Itiseasyintheworldtoliveaftertheworldsopinion;itiseasyinsolitudetoliveafterourown;butthegreatmanishewhointhemidstofthecrowdkeepswithperfectsweetnesstheindependenceofsolitude.我必须要做的事是所有与自己有关的，而不是别人认为我应该做我必须要做的事是所有与自己有关的，而不是别人认为我应该做的。这一原则，无论是在现实生活中还是在思想活动中都至关重要，的。这一原则，无论是在现实生活中还是在思想活动中都至关重要，因为它是区分伟大与渺小的根本标准。但这一原则很难为人坚持，因因为它是区分伟大与渺小的根本标准。但这一原则很难为人坚持，因为总会发现这样一些人，他们自以为对你工作或指责的了解甚至超过为总会发现这样一些人，他们自以为对你工作或指责的了解甚至超过了你自己。按照世人的意愿活在这个世界上时很容易的，按照我们自了你自己。按照世人的意愿活在这个世界上时很容易的，按照我们自己的意愿，离群独处也是不难的，而伟人之所以伟大，却是因为即使己的意愿，离群独处也是不难的，而伟人之所以伟大，却是因为即使身处喧嚣，还能完美地保留自己特立独行的个性和品质。身处喧嚣，还能完美地保留自己特立独行的个性和品质。Page 42n4.Itseemstobearuleofwisdomnevertorelyonyourmemoryalone,scarcelyeveninactsofpurememory,buttobringthepastforjudgmentintothethousand-eyedpresent,andliveeverinanewday.智慧的一项规则似乎告诉我们：决不能单单依赖记忆，智慧的一项规则似乎告诉我们：决不能单单依赖记忆，而应当把过去带进现实，让成千上万双眼睛来做出评判，而应当把过去带进现实，让成千上万双眼睛来做出评判，并且永远生活在新的一天中。并且永远生活在新的一天中。Page 43ThestyleofSelfReliancenRationalistArgumentnEssayisacarefullyconstructedrationalargumentwithgoalofpersuadingreaderstoadoptideasEmersonpromotes.nAuthoruseslogic,reasons,factsandexamplestosupporthisposition.nEmersonorganizeshisideassothattheyleadreadersstepbysteptotheconclusionhewishesthemtoreach.nHebeginsbydefininggeniusandexplainswhyhebelieveseveryhumanbeingpossessesit.Hegoesontoexplainhowandwhythisgeniusistobeexpressedtheexpressionofthatinborngeniusistheessenceofselfreliance.Page 44ThesummaryofSelf-ReliancenJuststartedreading,Ifeltsomedifficulty,butafteracarefullook,Ifeelveryencouraged.Recommendedeveryhopemaverick,whothemselveshavetoadheretowhatIread,especiallyinthiseraofimpetuousdrift,thiskindofspiritualnourishmentliketimelyhelp.Page 45nThanksforlistening!