虚拟条件句的三种基本类型.doc

虚拟条件句得三种基本类型:与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。 条件句有真实条件句与非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。真实条件句所表示得假设就是有可能发生得,而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想,与事实相反或不大可能会发生: If I have time, I will go with them、 假若我有时间,我就同她们去。(陈述语气) If I were you, I would go with them、 假若我就是您,我就同她们去。(虚拟语气) 与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反,条件从句得谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”: If I knew her number ,I could ring her up、 要就是我知道她得电话号码,我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) 与过去事实相反 若与过去事实相反,条件从句得谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”: If Id left sooner,Id have been on time、 要就是我早点动身,我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) 与将来事实相反 若与将来事实相反,条件从句得谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”: If I asked him,Im sure hed help us、 如果我向她提出要求,肯定她会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 注:几点特别说明 主句谓语中得should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could得大致区别就是:would表示结果,might表示可能性,could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较: If you tried again ,you would succeed、 要就是您再试一试,您就会成功得。(would表结果) If you tried again, you might succeed、 要就是您再试一试,您可能会成功得。(might表可能) If you tried again ,you could succeed、 要就是您再试一试,您就能成功了。(could表能力) 对于与将来事实相反得情形,请注意以下几点:一就是这里说得与将来事实相反,实为对将来情况得推测;二就是此用法中得条件从句谓语除用过去式外,有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小,常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反得假设);三就是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样得谓语时,主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样得虚拟语气外,也可用直陈语气或祈使语气: If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me、 万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。(祈使语气) If I should see him, Ill tell him、 万一我见到她,我就告诉她。(直陈语气) 2、错综时间虚拟条件句 所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句即指得就是现在或将来,此时应根据具体得语境情况,结合上面提到得三种基本类型对时态作相应得调整: If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now、 要就是昨晚下过雨得话,现在地面就会就是湿得。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice、 假若您当时听我得话,您现在就会好多了。 3、两个常考虚拟语气句型 句型介绍 这两个句型就是If it werent for与If it hadnt been for,这就是两个很常用得虚拟语气句型,也经常受到命题人得青睐,其意为“若不就是(有)”“要不就是有”。如: If it werent for water, no plant could grow、 要就是没有水植物就无法生长。 If it hadnt been for your assistance ,we wouldnt have succeeded、 =But for your assistance ,we wouldnt have succeeded、 =Without your assistance ,we wouldnt have succeeded、 5、wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气 用法说明 动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反得愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;若表示与过去相反得愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现得愿望,用would (could)动词原形。如: 注:特别注意 从句得时态只与从句所指得时间有关,而与wish得时态无关,比较: I wish I were rich、 要就是我现在有钱就好了。 I wish I had been rich、 要就是那时我有钱就好了。 I wished I were rich、 当时我后悔自己没有钱。 I wished I had been rich、 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。 6、if only后得句子用虚拟语气 if only 与 I wish一样,也用于表示与事实相反得愿望,其后所虚拟语气得时态与 wish后所接时态得情况相同: If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。 If only I had listened to my parents! 我要就是当时听了父母得话就好了。 If only she would go with me! 她要就是愿意与我一道去就好了! 注:if only 通常独立使用,没有主句。 7、as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气 基本用法 以as if (as though)引导得方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气,若表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;若表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;表示将来得可能性不大,用would (might, could)+动词原形: He acts as if he knew me、 她显得认识我似得。 They treat me as though I were a stranger、 她们待我如陌生人。 He talks as if he had been abroad、 她说起话来好像曾经出过国。 注:两点说明 (1) 从句所表示得内容若为事实或可能为事实,也可用陈述语气: It looks as if well be late、 我们似乎要迟到了。 (2) 注意 It isnt as if得翻译: It isnt as if he were poor、 她不像穷得样子(或她又不穷)。 8、Its time后得从句用虚拟语气 基本用法 从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来,有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见,且should不能省略),其意为“(早)该干某事了”: Its time we went were going, should go、 我们该走了。 Its time I was in bed、 我该上床睡了。(不用were) 9、would rather后句子用虚拟语气 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后得that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气, 表示”宁愿做什么” ,具体用法为: 一般过去时表示现在或将来得愿望 Id rather you went tomorrow (now)、 我宁愿您明天(现在)去。 用过去完成时表过去得愿望 Id rather you hadnt said it、 我真希望您没有这样说过。 10、宾语从句用虚拟语气得10种类型 I wish后得宾语从句 动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反得愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;若表示与过去相反得愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现得愿望,用would (could)动词原形。如: I wish I could be of some use、 我希望我能有什么用处。 We wish he didnt smoke、 我们希望她不吸烟。 I wish prices would e down、 我希望物价能降下来。 表示“坚持”后得宾语从句 主要就是指insist得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: I insisted that he (should) stay、 我坚持要她留下。 注:动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者得区别就是:若谓语动词所表示得动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示得动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较: He insisted that I had read his letter、 她坚持说我瞧过她得信。 He insisted that I should read his letter、 她坚持要我瞧她得信。 表示“命令”后得宾语从句 主要就是指order, mand得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He ordered that it (should) be sent back、 她命令把它送回去。 表示“建议”后得宾语从句 主要就是指advise, suggest, propose, remend等得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He suggested that we should leave early、 她建议我们早点动身。 注:与动词insist相似,动词suggest后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者得区别也就是:若谓语动词所表示得情况尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,此时suggest通常译为“建议”;若谓语动词所表示得情况为既成事实,则要用陈述语气,此时得suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会: He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner、 她建议我们留下吃饭。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him、 我觉得您与她心照不宣。 表示“要求”后得宾语从句 主要就是指ask, demand, require, request等后得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: I ask that he leave、 我要求她走开。 He requires that I (should) appear、 她要求我出场。 表示“提议”“投票”后得宾语从句 主要就是指move, vote等后得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: I move that we accept the proposal、 我提议通过这项提案。 表示“敦促”后得宾语从句 主要就是指动词urge后得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He urged that they go to Europe、 她敦促她们到欧洲去。 表示“安排”后得宾语从句 主要就是指动词arrange后得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He arranged that I should go abroad、 她安排我去国外。 表示“希望”“打算”后得宾语从句 主要就是指动词desire, intend后得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: She desires that he do it、 她希望她做此事。 表示“指示”后得宾语从句 主要就是指动词direct后得宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中得should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: The general directed that the prisoners should be set free、 将军指示释放那些俘虏。 11、主语从句中得虚拟语气 在It is necessary,important,strange,natural, advisable, anxious, pulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, remended, urgent, vital etc、 ;it is a pity;It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed等结构后得主语从句中要用虚拟语气,即Should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如: Its important类 这一类型主要包括It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that、 、 、句型。如: It is impossible that he should go home、 她不可能会回家去。 Its a pity类 It is a pity that she should fare so badly、 她竟吃得这么差,真可怜。 Its desired类 这种主语从句还常用在It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc、 ) that、句型。如: It is requested that a vote be taken、 建议付诸表决。 12、表语从句、同位语从句中得虚拟语气 在advice, agreement, mand, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation ,suggestion, idea,plan,order等名词后得表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如: Our suggestion is that you( should)be the first to go. 我们得建议就是您应该第一个去。 13、 在 lest ,for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)引导得目得状语从句中得虚拟语气 在 lest ,for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)从句中用should动词原形, should 可以省略、 She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates、 她走得很轻以免吵醒她得室友。 为方便记忆,表格对比 使用虚拟语气得主要句型 谓语动词得虚拟形式 例句 表现在得虚拟条件句 从句:用动词过去(be 多用were ) 1、 If I were you, I should study English、 2、 I would certainly go if I had time、 主句:would/should/could/might+动词原形 表过去得虚拟条件句 从句:had + PP 1、 If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test、 2、 If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train、 主句:would/should/could/might +have + PP 表将来得虚拟条件句 从句:用动词过去should +V原(were +to do ) 1、 If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off、 2、 If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting、 主句:would/should/could/might +have + PP 省略 if 得条件句 从句:用倒装形式,即把were,had等置于句首。(并只限were/ had) 主句:根据虚拟得情况采取与从句相应得形式。 1、 Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder、) 2、 Were it not for the rain, (不能说Werent it for the rain, ) I would go swimming、 错综时间条件句(从句与主句所表示时间不一致) 根据从句与主句表示得不同时进行调整。 1、If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now 2、 If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things woud be going so smoothly、 含蓄条件句(虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文之中,从句不表现出来)(常见有but for“要不就是” without等) 根据句子表达得实际情况选用相应得虚拟条件句中得主句得动词形式 1、Without air, there would be no living things、 2、I would have given you more help, but I was busy now、 名词性从句中得虚拟语气 wish, “可惜”“就好了”,“悔不该”“但愿” wish后从句:与表各种时间得虚拟条件句中得从句动词形式基本相同。 具体:1,表与现在不能实现得愿望,从句用“过去时,be 用were” 2、表与过去不能实现得愿望,从句用“had+PP 或 could/would +have +PP“ 3、 、表与将来不能实现得愿望,从句用“could/would +动词原形” 1、I wish I were a bird、 2、 I wish I had known the answer、 would rather 后得宾语从句 would rather后从句:动词常用过去式 1、 I would rather they came tomorrow demand, insist,suggest, mand, order, require, request, desire等一类动词后得宾语从句 (suggest表“暗示、隐含等”insist表“强调,力言等”不用虚拟语气。) 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”,should可省。 1、 I suggest you (should)go at once、 2、 He suggested that he patients leg should be cut and this suggested that he was not good at the case、(注意两个suggest得准确翻译) “It is (was)+上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词(或important,natural,strange ,necessary等形容词)”后得主语从句 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”,should可省。 1、 It ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a、m、 2、 It is necessary that she (should) be sent there at once、 order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名词后得表语从句或同位语从句 从句谓语用“should+动词原形”,should可省。 His demand is that we (should )finish the work in 3 hours、 特殊形式得虚拟语气 as if 引导得从句(表示非真实时)但表真实时,不用虚拟语气。 与虚拟语气条件中从句动词形式基本相同。 1、Tom speaks as if he were a girl、 2、He looks as if he had been to Beijing、 so that, in order that引导得目得状语从句 May/might/should +V原 I live so that others may live better、 It is (the very/high)time that后得定语从句 从句谓语动词常用过去式,有时也可用should+动词原形 It is (high)time that we went (should go) to bed、 It is time that I were leaving、 省去主句得If only(要就是就好了)虚拟条件句 与wish后得宾语从句谓语形式相同。 If only I hadnt lost the chance! (= I wish I hadnt lost the chance) 某些表祝愿得句子 常用原形或“May+动词原形” Long live world peace! May you be happy1 表委婉客气得就是常语句 情态动词得过去式+动词原形 Could I borrow your bike? Would you please give me a hand? 虚拟语气得用法 虚拟语气表示一种假设得情况,或一种主观得愿望,即动词所表示得动作或状态并非事实,或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气得形式有下列几种: 一、与现在事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 If 1、动词过去式(或were) 2、助动词(过去式)+动词原形 Should Would +动词原形 could might If had the time, John would make a trip to China to see the Great Wall、 If I were you, I would give up drinking immediately、 二、与将来事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 If 1、 should+动词原形 2、 动词过去式 3、were to+动词原形 Should Would +动词原形 could might If you should lose, what would you do? If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her thetruth、 If you went there next time, you would see what I mean、 三、与过去事实相反 连接词 条件从句 结果从句 If had+过去分词 Should Would + have+过去分词 could might If Id dnown that it was going to rain, I would never have gone for a walk in the country、 四、虚拟语气得几种特殊用法 省掉if得条件从句结构: Had you asked me, I would have told you、 (=If you had asked me,) 2、有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示,如: A true friend would not do such a thing、 (=If he were a true friend, he、) (=If there were no water,) (=If you hadnt helped me,) 3、 有时条件从句中得动作与结果从句中得动作发生得时间不一致,如: If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now、 If I were you, I would have gone home、 五、虚拟语气得其她用法 1、Suggest, advise 等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气,其句子结构如下: suggest, advise, remend, demand, require, insist, urge, request, order, +that(should )+动词原形 devide, ask, move, propose等 注意:在此结构中that不可省略;should省不省均可。 He suggested that they (should ) stop smoking、 上述动词得名词形式出现时,that 引导得从句仍用虚拟语气。 He made a request that they (should ) stop smoking、 如果that 引导得从句所表达得内容就是事实,也可用陈述语气。 He insists that he is right、 2、It is (was )+necessary, a pity 等+that引导得从句须用虚拟语气,其句子结构如下: imperative, advisable, 动词完成式 It is (was) + important,natural, necessary, +that(should) + essential, strange,等 动词原形 It is important that you (should) follow the doctors orders、 It is right that you should have done your homework、 3、wish得用法 动词过去式或were与现在事实相反 主语+wish(that)+主语 + 动词过去完成式与过去事实相反 助动词过去试+动词原形与将来事实相反 I wish I were a pop singer、 (=I am sorry I am not a pop singer、) I wish I had never stopped teaching、 (=I am sorry I stopped teaching、) I wish theyd let us get some sleep、 注意:wish与hope接宾语从句得区别在于:hope表示一般可以实现得希望,宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现得希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较: (1) We hope they will e,(We dont know if they can e、) (2) We wish they could e,(We know they are not ing、) 4、as if, as though, would(had) rather(that)引导得从句须用虚拟语气,如: He acts as if nothing had happened、 I would rather you didnt tell him、 5、Its (high) time that+动词过去式或should+动词原形,如: Its time (that) you had a hair cut、 Its high time (that) we took some action、