英语16种时态超经典整理.docx

英语得16种时态
1、一般现在时 the present tense
2、一般过去时 the past tense
3、一般将来时 the future tense
4、一般过去将来时 the past future tense
5、现在进行时 the present continuous tense
6、过去进行时 the past Continuous Tense
7、将来进行时 the future continuous tense
8、过去将来进行时 the past future continuous tense
9、现在完成时 the Present Perfect Tense
10、过去完成时 the Past Perfect Tense
11、将来完成时 the future perfect tense
12、过去将来完成时 the past future perfect tense
13、现在完成进行时 the present perfect continuous tense
14、过去完成进行时 the past perfect continuous tense
15、将来完成进行时 the future perfect continuous tense
16、过去将来完成进行时 the past future perfect continuous tense

一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限得持久存在得动作或状态或现阶段反复发生得动作或状态,常与副词 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连用。例如:
1)The moon moves round the earth、、
2)Mr、 Smith travels to work by bus every day、
(2)在由after,until,beforeonce,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导得时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him、
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow、
(3)某些表示起始得动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生得动作,这类动词有:be,go,e,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。例如:
1)The plane leaves at three sharp、
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow、
(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引导得从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever es first、
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow、
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生得、可完成得动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间得词、短语或从句连用。例如:
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film、
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如:
1)He always went to class last、
2)I used to do my homework in the library、
(注意与be used to doing短语得区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生得动作或状态。例如:
I shall graduate next year、
2)几种替代形式:
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生得事情。例如:
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money、
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做得事,具有“必要”得强制性意义。例如:
I am to play tennis this afternoon、
3)be about to +v表示即将发生得事情。例如:
He was about to start、
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了得事, 必定发生得事。例如:
The train is due to depart in ten minutes、
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生得某种事态。例如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home、
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行得动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用。例如:
Don’t disturb her、 She is reading a newspaper now、
(2)表示现阶段经常发生得动作, 常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。例如:
My father is forever criticizing me、
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行得事情。具有这种语法功能得动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去得动词。常用得有:go,e,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month、
(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这就是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等得动词。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉得词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情得动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态得动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属得动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解得动词)。但就是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:
1)Tom looks pale、 What’s wrong with him?
(look 在此为联系动词,意为“显得,瞧上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books、
(look 在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)
2. 过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去得动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去得动作正在进行,或表示过去反复得习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。例如:
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered、
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk、
3. 将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行得动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去得动作。常用来表示礼貌得询问、请求等。例如:
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema、
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4. 完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时就是(现在、过去将来)完成时得强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事得动作。它可分为:
1. 现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响得,刚刚完成得动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生得,持续到现在得情况(常与for,since连用)。例如:
1)I have just finished my homework、
2)Mary has been ill for three days、
(2)常与现在完成时连用得时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出得短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:
1)I haven’t been there for five years、
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation、
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978、
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句得谓语动词就是一般现在时,从句得谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词就是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting、
(2)There was a knock at the door、 It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening、
2. 过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生得动作或情况,这个过去得时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如:
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in、
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles、
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去得希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away、
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做得事”得表达方式就是:
1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如:
We were to have e yesterday, but we couldn’t、
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so、
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move、
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me、
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon、
3. 将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来得动作发生之前已经完成得动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用得时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间得短语与句子;before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间得词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作得句子等。例如:
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai、
2)I shall have finished this position before 9 o’clock、
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left、
4. 完成进行时
完成进行时就是完成时得强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始得动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it、
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始得动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places、
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始得一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours、
四:时态一致
时态一致就是英语四、六级考试得一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语得时态决定从句得谓语时态。一般原则就是:
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句得谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan
We hope that there will be many people at your party today、
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it、”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street、”
“There certainly is、 Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时得时候,从句得谓语必须使用过去范围得时态
He said he was writing a novel、
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment、
He said his father had been an engineer、
3、当从句就是表示没有时间概念得真理时,从句得谓语应使用一般现在时。例如:
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder、
注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式得各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气得情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词就是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等得动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则。例如:
We insisted that we do it ourselves、
动词得语态
　　语态也就是动词得一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态与被动语态。主动语态表示主语就是动作得执行者,而被动语态表示主语就是动作得承受者。
　　1)We use electricity to run machines、　(主动语态)

　　2)Electricity is used to run machines、　(被动语态)
1. 不能用于被动语态得动词与短语
　　(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, e true, take place, consist of。
　　(2)某些表示状态或特征得及物动词,如:bee, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2. 被动语态得时态形式
　　常用得被动语态有表1 所列得几种时态形式。 表1
时间　　一般时　　　　　　　 进行时　　　　　　完成时
现在　 am asked　　　　　am being asked　　
　　　 is asked　　　　　is being asked
　　　 are asked　　　　 are being asked
过去 　 was be asked　　　was being asked
　　　 were be asked　　 were being asked
将来　 shall be asked　　　　　　　　　　　 shall have been asked
　　　 will be asked　　　　　　　　　　　　will have been asked
过去　 should be asked　　　　　　　　　　　 should have been asked
将来　 would be asked　　　　　　　　　　　 would have been asked
3. 短语动词得被动语态
　　短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被瞧作就是一个动词,后面得介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如:
　　1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at、
　　2)All the rubbish should be got rid of、
4.“get + -ed分词”得被动语态
　　“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作得结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性得,出乎意料得偶然事件。例如:
　　The boy got hurt on his way home from work、
　　另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做得事,就是主动得行为而不就是被动得行为。例如:
　　get dressed(穿衣服)　 get divorced(离婚) get engaged(订婚)　　　get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路)　　　　　get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚)
5. 能带两个宾语与复合宾语得动词改为被动语态
　　(1) 能带两个宾语得动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如:
　　1)We showed the visitors our new products、(主动语态)
　　2)The visitors were shown our new products、(被动语态)
　　3)Our new products were shown to the visitors、(被动语态)
　　(2)能带复合宾语得动词改为被动语态时,原来得宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如:
　　1)The teacher appointed him League secretary、(主动语态)
　　2)He was appointed League secretary、(被动语态)
6. 被动语态与系表结构得区别
　　(1)The novel was well written、(系表结构)
　(2)The novel was written by Diskens、(被动语态)
7. 少数动词得主动语态有时有被动得意思
　　例1:The book is selling remarkably well、
　例2:The song sounds very beautiful、
　能这样用得动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来)。
　例3:My watch needs cleaning、 (= My watch needs to be cleaned)、
　能像need这样用得动词还有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
　例4:The meat is cooking、
　例 5:The book written by the professor is printing、