延续性动词与短暂性动词-讲解与练习.doc

短暂性动词，延续性动词与现在完成时 姓名：_________
短暂性动词（终止性动词），是指动作一旦发生就很快就结束。它不能和一段时间连用。这类动词有：go, come, arrive, leave, begin, start, join, marry 等；短暂性动词的肯定式不能与表示一段时间的for或since或how long等状语连用。但是，在否定句中，短暂性动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
延续性动词 是指动作发生后还可以延续一段时间或者相当长的一段时间。如：live, work, study, learn, sleep等，延续性动词可以和表示一段的时间状语连用。
值得注意的是，表示一段时间的状语除了“for+一段时间”外，还有since+n./从句（时间点），since+时间段+ago，疑问词how long ，in the past+时间段，all these+时间段，from…to（时间点）以及till/until+n./句子等等。

例如：
1. 这位老人已经死了十年了。
The old man has died for ten years.（× ）（die“死”短暂性动词，不能与for+一段时间连用）
The old man has been dead for ten years/since 10 years ago.（√）
（die→be dead，die是短暂性动词，表示死的动作，这个动作很快就结束了，变成了表示状态的be dead，dead是die 的形容词，表示死了的状态，可以延续）

2.我买了这块手表五年了。
I have bought this watch for five years.（× ）（buy“买”短暂性动词，不能与for+一段时间连用I have had this watch for five years/since 5 years ago. （√）
（buy→have，buy这个动作在付完钱已经结束了，买完后是拥有have的状态，have可以延续）

3.我离开家乡已十年了。
I have left hometown for 10 years.（×）（leave“离开”短暂性动词，不能与for+一段时间连用） I have been away from hometown for 10 years.（√）
（leave—be away，leave这个动作在走了的时候已经结束了，走了以后，是我不在这里的状态，be away表示不在，离开的状态，可以延续）

但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。
如：I haven’t bought the bike for a year.
我买这辆自行车还不到一年。
She hasn’t come here for an hour.
她来这儿还没有一个小时。

如果短暂性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，必须将短暂性动词改为延续性动词。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：

buy / get →have, borrow → keep，have
die →be dead finish →be over,
Close→ be closed leave →be away （from）
open →be open marry→be married
fall asleep → be asleep fall (get) ill→be ill
go out →be out get up→ be up
put on →wear/be on Move to→live in
come/go/become →be go to school→be in school/be a student
begin/start →be on begin to study→study
Get to know→ know wake/wake up →be awake
Lose/die/sell/leave→ be gone catch/get a cold →have a cold
join /take part in →be in/be a member of come/arrive/reach/get to→be in
return to/come back to/go back to→be back(to)
come(arrive,reach,get) here/go (arrive,reach,get) there→be here (there)
练习：
一、找出下列句子中的短暂性动词和对应句子中的延续性动词。
例：He died 10 years ago. / He has been dead for 10 years. die→be dead
1. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. /He has kept the book for 2 weeks._____→______
2.He bought the bike a month ago. /He has had the bike for a month. _______→______
3.He arrived here last year./He has been here since last year. ________→_______
4. They turned on the light 2 hours ago. /The light has been on for 2 hours.
______→_______
5. He left here 2 years ago. /He has been away from here for 2 years. _______→_______
6. The film began 30 minutes ago. /The film has been on for 30 minutes.______→______
7.They opened the door an hour ago. /The door has been open for an hour.
_______→______
8. They closed the door an hour ago. /The door has been closed for an hour.
______→______二、选择题。
( )1.Her grandfather ______ for two years.
A. died　B. has died　C. has been dead　D. has been died
( )2.It's six weeks ______ I met you last. A. when　B. since　C. before　D. For
( )3.His father __ the Party since 1978 .A.joined B. has joined C.was in .D.has been in

( )4.—Do you know him well ?— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
( )5.Hurry up! The play ____ for ten minutes .
Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. Began

( )6.It _____ ten years since he left the army. Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. Was
( )7.His uncle____for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the city
( )8.—How long has Robert _____? —Since 2004. A. been in Beijing
B. become a policeman C. joined the art club D. studied in this school
( )9.His father____the Party since 1978.
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in
( )10.-How long have you ____ the library book ?-For about two weeks .
　　 A. borrow B. borrowed C. are borrowing D. kept
( )11.-How long has he_______ this car? -For two years.
A. buy B. bought C. had D. buys
( )12.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
( )13The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
( )14. Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become
( )15.. You mustn't ________ until he comes back.
A. be away B. leave C. be left D. have left
( )16.The meeting _______ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over D. ended
( )17.7. Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught D. taught
( )18.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years .
A. has been B. has become C. was D. became
( )19.I _____ home for a week.
A. have returned B. have been back C. returned D. am returned
( )20. How long __ he __ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead D. did, died
( )21. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
( )22.-How long _____ you _____ ill? -Two weeks.
A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been D. have, had
( )23.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from D. Left

( )24.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow B. keep C. take D. took
( )25.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far.
A has stopped B. stopped C. has been D. is
( )26.Are you _____ the jacket these days?
A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on
( )27.He ___ for 2 hours. A. got up B. has got up C. has been up D. is up
( )28. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.
A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had
( )29.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
( )30. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
( )31. How long have you ______ here? A. come B. got C. arrived D. been
( )32. My grandpa died _________.
A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C.when I was 2. D. my age was 6.
二.句型转换：写出下列句子的同义句。
例如. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.
→Mr. Li has taught English in this school since 1999.
2. The factory opened ten years ago. → The factory _____ ____ _____ for ten years.
3. John left Beijing three years ago.
→ John_____ ______ ______ ______ Beijing _____ three years.
4. His company opened in 2003. → His company _____ _____ _____ since 2003.
5. My father bought the car half a year ago.→My father _____ _____ the car _____ half a year.
6. We got to know each other for about 15 years.
→We _____ _____ each other _____ about 15 years.
7. The film began ten minutes ago. →The film ______ ______ _____ for ten minutes.
8. I borrowed this book two weeks ago. → I ______ ______ this book for two weeks.
9. My father came back the day before yesterday.
→My father has _______ _________ for two days.
10.My uncle bought the new car two months ago.
→My uncle has______ the new car ______two months ago.
三.在句子中划出错误，并在横线上写出修改答案,句子的就打“√”。
1. How long have you begun to study English? _____________
2. I have borrowed this book for two weeks. ____________
3. The river has become very dirty since last August. ______________
4. Our manager is away today. He has been to Guangzhou on business. ____________
5. He has gone out for two years. ______________
6.He hasn’t left his hometown for 30years. ______________ 3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。
B比率分析法和比较分析法不能测算出各因素的影响程度。√
C采用约当产量比例法，分配原材料费用与分配加工费用所用的完工率都是一致的。Ｘ
C采用直接分配法分配辅助生产费用时，应考虑各辅助生产车间之间相互提供产品或劳务的情况。错
C产品的实际生产成本包括废品损失和停工损失。√
C成本报表是对外报告的会计报表。×
C成本分析的首要程序是发现问题、分析原因。×
C成本会计的对象是指成本核算。×
C成本计算的辅助方法一般应与基本方法结合使用而不单独使用。√
C成本计算方法中的最基本的方法是分步法。X
D当车间生产多种产品时，“废品损失”、“停工损失”的借方余额，月末均直接记入该产品的产品成本
中。×
D定额法是为了简化成本计算而采用的一种成本计算方法。×
F“废品损失”账户月末没有余额。√
F废品损失是指在生产过程中发现和入库后发现的不可修复废品的生产成本和可修复废品的修复费用。Ｘ
F分步法的一个重要特点是各步骤之间要进行成本结转。(√)
G各月末在产品数量变化不大的产品，可不计算月末在产品成本。错
G工资费用就是成本项目。(×)
G归集在基本生产车间的制造费用最后均应分配计入产品成本中。对
J计算计时工资费用，应以考勤记录中的工作时间记录为依据。(√)
J简化的分批法就是不计算在产品成本的分批法。(×)
J简化分批法是不分批计算在产品成本的方法。对
J加班加点工资既可能是直接计人费用，又可能是间接计人费用。√
J接生产工艺过程的特点，工业企业的生产可分为大量生产、成批生产和单件生产三种，X
K可修复废品是指技术上可以修复使用的废品。错
K可修复废品是指经过修理可以使用，而不管修复费用在经济上是否合算的废品。Ｘ
P品种法只适用于大量大批的单步骤生产的企业。×
Q企业的制造费用一定要通过“制造费用”科目核算。Ｘ
Q企业职工的医药费、医务部门、职工浴室等部门职工的工资，均应通过“应付工资”科目核算。Ｘ
S生产车间耗用的材料，全部计入“直接材料”成本项目。Ｘ
S适应生产特点和管理要求，采用适当的成本计算方法，是成本核算的基础工作。(×)
W完工产品费用等于月初在产品费用加本月生产费用减月末在产品费用。对
Y“预提费用”可能出现借方余额，其性质属于资产，实际上是待摊费用。对
Y引起资产和负债同时减少的支出是费用性支出。X
Y以应付票据去偿付购买材料的费用，是成本性支出。X
Y原材料分工序一次投入与原材料在每道工序陆续投入，其完工率的计算方法是完全一致的。Ｘ
Y运用连环替代法进行分析，即使随意改变各构成因素的替换顺序，各因素的影响结果加总后仍等于指标的总差异，因此更换各因索替换顺序，不会影响分析的结果。(×)
Z在产品品种规格繁多的情况下，应该采用分类法计算产品成本。对
Z直接生产费用就是直接计人费用。X
Z逐步结转分步法也称为计列半成品分步法。√

A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用，“制造费用”账户月末(可能有月末余额/可能有借方余额/可能有贷方余额/可能无月末余额)。
A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用的方法适用于(季节性生产企业)

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