实验室规则DOC.doc

一、 实验室规则1实验前应认真预习实验指导，明确实验目的和要求，写出预实验报告。2进入实验室必须穿白大衣。严格遵守实验课纪律，不得无故迟到或早退。不得高声说话。严禁拿实验器具开玩笑。实验室内禁止吸烟、用餐。3严格按操作规程进行实验。实验过程中自己不能解决或决定的问题，切勿盲目处理，应及时请教指导老师。4严格按操作规程使用仪器，凡不熟悉操作方法的仪器不得随意动用，对贵重的精密仪器必须先熟知使用方法，才能开始使用；仪器发生故障，应立即关闭电源并报告老师，不得擅自拆修。5取用试剂时必须“随开随盖”，“盖随瓶走”，即用毕立即盖好放回原处，切忌“张冠李戴”，避免污染。6爱护公物，节约水、电、试剂，遵守损坏仪器报告、登记、赔偿制度。7注意水、电、试剂的使用安全。使用易燃易爆物品时应远离火源。用试管加热时，管口不准对人。严防强酸强碱及有毒物质吸入口内或溅到别人身上。任何时候不得将强酸、强碱、高温、有毒物质抛洒在实验台上。8废纸及其它固体废物严禁倒入水槽，应倒到垃圾桶内。废弃液体如为强酸强碱，必须事先用水稀释，方可倒入水槽内，并放水冲走。9以实事求是的科学态度如实记录实验结果，仔细分析，做出客观结论。实验失败，须认真查找原因，而不能任意涂改实验结果。实验完毕，认真书写实验报告，按时上交。10实验完毕，个人应将试剂、仪器器材摆放整齐，用过的玻璃器皿应刷洗干净归置好，方可离开实验室。值日生则要认真负责整个实验室的清洁和整理，保持实验整洁卫生。离开实验室前检查电源、水源和门窗的安全等，并严格执行值日生登记制度。二、实验报告的基本要求实验报告通过分析总结实验的结果和问题，加深对有关理论和技术的理解与掌握，提高分析、综合、概括问题的能力，同时也是学习撰写研究论文的过程。1实验报告应该在专用的生化实验报告本上、按上述格式要求书写。2实验报告的前三部分实验原理、实验材料（包括实验样品、主要试剂、主要仪器与器材）、实验步骤（包括实验流程与操作步骤）要求在实验课前预习后撰写，作为实验预习报告的内容。预习时也要考虑并设计好相应实验记录的表格。3每项内容的基本要求（1）实验原理：简明扼要地写出实验的原理，涉及化学反应时用化学反应方程式表示。（2）实验材料：应包括各种来源的生物样品及试剂和主要仪器。说明化学试剂时要避免使用未被普遍接受的商品名和俗名。试剂要标清所用的浓度。（3）实验步骤：描述要简洁，不能照抄实验讲义，可以采用工艺流程图的方式或自行设计的表格来表示，但对实验条件和操作的关键环节应写清楚，以便他人重复。（4）实验记录：包括主要实验条件、实验中观察到的现象及实验中的原始数据。（5）结果（定量实验包括计算）：应把所得的实验结果（如观察现象）和数据进行整理、归纳、分析、对比，尽量用图表的形式概括实验的结果，如实验组与对照组实验结果的比较表等(有时对实验结果还可附以必要的说明)。（6）讨论：不应是实验结果的重述，而是以结果为基础的逻辑推论。如对定性实验，在分析实验结果的基础上应有中肯的结论。还可以包括关于实验方法、操作技术和有关实验的一些问题，对实验异常结果的分析和评论，对于实验设计的认识、体会和建议，对实验课的改进意见等。（7）结论：一般实验要有结论，结论要简单扼要，说明本次实验所获得的结果。三、实验报告的评分标准（百分制）1实验预习报告内容（30分） 学生进入实验室前应预习实验，并书写预习报告。实验预习报告应包括以下三部分： 实验原理（10分）：要求以自己的语言归纳要点；实验材料（5分）：包括样品、试剂及仪器。只列出主要仪器、试剂（常规材料不列）；实验方法（15分）：包括流程或路线、操作步骤，要以流程图、表格式给出要点，简明扼要。依据各部分内容是否完整、清楚、简明等，分以下三个等级给分。优秀合格不合格30252418分170分优秀：项目完整，能反映实验者的加工、整理、提炼。 合格：较完整，有一定整理，但不够精炼。不合格：不完整、缺项，大段文字，完全照抄教材，记流水账。实验预习报告不合格者，不允许进行实验。该实验应重新预约，待实验室安排时间后方可进行实验。2实验记录内容（20分）实验记录是实验教学、科学研究的重要环节之一，必须培养严谨的科学作风。实验记录的主要内容包括以下三方面：主要实验条件（如材料的来源、质量；试剂的规格、用量、浓度；实验时间、操作要点中的技巧、失误等，以便总结实验时进行核对和作为查找成败原因的参考依据）；实验中观察到的现象（如加入试剂后溶液颜色的变化）；原始实验数据：设计实验数据表格（注意三线表格式），准确记录实验中测得的原始数据。记录测量值时，要根据仪器的精确度准确记录有效数字（如吸光值为0.050，不应写成0.05），注意有效数字的位数。实验记录应在实验过程中书写；应该用钢笔或者圆珠笔记录，不能用铅笔。记录不可擦抹和涂改，写错时可以准确划去重记。记录数据时请教师审核并签名。实验记录分以下三个等级给分。优秀合格不合格20171613分120分优秀：如实详细地记录了实验条件、实验中观察到的现象、结果及实验中的原始数据（如三次测定的吸光度值）等；实验记录用钢笔或者圆珠笔记录，没有抹擦和涂改迹象。书写准确，表格规范（三线表）。有教师的签字审核。合格：记录了主要实验条件，但不详细、凌乱；实验中观察到的现象不细致；原始数据无涂改迹象，但不规范。有教师的签字审核。不合格：记录不完整，有遗漏；原始数据有抹擦和涂改迹象、捏造数据（以0分计）；图、表格形式错误；用铅笔记录原始数据；无教师的签字审核。若记录的结果有怀疑、遗漏、丢失，必须重做实验，培养严谨的科学作风。3结果与讨论（45分）（1）数据处理（5分）对实验中所测得的一系列数值，要选择合适的处理方法进行整理和分析。数据处理时，要根据计算公式正确书写中间计算过程或推导过程及结果，得出最终实验结果。要注意有效数字的位数、单位（国际单位制）。经过统计处理的数据要以XSD表示。可分成以下三个等级给分。优秀合格不合格5分4分30分优秀：处理方法合理，中间过程清楚，数据格式单位规范。合格：处理方法较合理，有中间计算过程；数据格式单位较规范。不合格：处理方法不当；无中间过程；有效数字的位数、单位不规范。（2）结果（20分）实验结果部分应把所观察到的现象和处理的最终数据进行归纳、分析、比对，以列表法或作图法来表示。同时对结果还可附以必要的说明。要注意图表的规范：表格要有编号、标题；表格中数据要有单位（通常列在每一列顶端的第一行或每一行左端的第一列）。图也要有编号、标题，标注在图的下方；直角坐标图的纵轴和横轴要标出方向、名称、单位和长度单位；电泳图谱和层析图谱等要标明正、负极方向及分离出的区带、色带或色斑的组分或成分。电泳结果还要标记泳道，并在图题下给出泳道的注释；要标出分子量标准的各条带的大小。并且注意需要结合图表对结果进行较详细的解释说明。可分成以下三个等级给分。优秀合格不合格20171613分120分优秀：实验结果有归纳、 解释说明，结果准确，格式规范。合格：堆砌实验现象、数据，解释说明少。不合格：最终实验结果错误且无解释说明，图表、数字不规范。（3）讨论（20分）讨论应围绕实验结果进行，不是实验结果的重述，而是以实验结果为基础的逻辑推论，基本内容包括：用已有的专业知识理论对实验结果进行讨论，从理论上对实验结果的各种资料、数据、现象等进行综合分析、解释，说明实验结果，重点阐述实验中出现的一般规律与特殊性规律之间的关系；实验结果提示了哪些新问题，指出结果与结论的理论意义及其大小；对实践的指导与应用价值；实验中遇到的问题、差错和教训，与预想不一致的原因，有何待解决的方法，提出在今后的实验中需要注意和改进的地方；实验目的是否达到。同时能结合查阅的其他文献等资料进行讨论，有独到的见解。在实验结果和理论分析的基础上，经过推理，归纳规律得出结论。结论要严谨、精炼，表达要准确，与实验目的呼应。也分三个等级给分。优秀合格不合格20171613分120分优秀：分析实验结果的问题与经验；分析实验设计的优劣；能提出实验技术、方法的改进意见；能结合自己查阅的其他资料来讨论，有自己独到的见解；有结论。合格：仅针对实验结果进行讨论，有一定自己的见解。不合格：将讨论写成注意事项分析或回答思考题等，与实验结果无关。4格式与版面（5分）按照实验报告的书写格式、版面是否整洁、工整，分三个等级给分。优秀合格不合格5分4分30分优秀：实验报告字体工整，版面整洁。合格：实验报告字体较工整，版面较整洁。不合格：实验报告字体潦草，版面凌乱。5. 加分（510分）：以全英文书写实验报告视情况加510分。Introduction to Biochemistry ExperimentBiochemistry experiment is a preclinical curriculum of omni-specialties in biomedicine and an experimental curriculum for going with biochemistry teaching. Its task is to help students to understand and master the basic technical principles and methods in biochemistry, to possess the abilities of analyzing problems and working out solutions independently. By learning this curriculum, the students should understand the basic experimental principles of spectrophotometry，chromatography, electrophoresis and centrifuge, et al.，master the basic technical skills commonly used with these principles and possess the abilities to apply the skills systematically and to optimize the experiment conditions. The goal of biochemistry experiment is to make the students strengthen their grasp of the biochemistry theories and to integrate what they have learned with scientific research and clinical application.There are 9 experiments that represent most important areas of biochemistry including characterization of proteins and nucleic acid by electrophoresis and spectroscopic or chromatographic analysis. These experiments are essential for a typical one-semester course and are to be revised and updated when necessary. New experiments will be added to this list in the future to cover more topics of biochemistry and to reflect the many advances in biochemistry. Biochemistry Laboratory Rules1Pre-Laboratory Preparation All students must prepare BEFORE ARRIVING IN THE LABORATORY. The experiments are designed so that they can be carried out with proper advance planning within the four-hour laboratory periods. It is expected that students should have a fundamental understanding of the theory and practices pertaining to the experiment before entering the laboratory to conduct these experiments. Biochemical experiments often employ toxic chemicals. For the health and safety of all students, the experimental protocols must be studied and the days activities should be planned in advance. If it becomes obvious that a student is ill-prepared, he or she will not be permitted to continue the experiment. 2Safety Precautions in the Biochemistry LaboratoryAll INJURIES, no matter how minor, should be reported to the instructor IMMEDIATELY. If you have any questions regarding the safe handling of any biochemical, consult your instructor. 3Strictly follow the experimental procedures. Turn to instructors immediately for help once the laboratory instruments dont work. DONT try to fix the breakdown by yourself. Proper compensation for loss because of your own fault will be demanded.4Disposal of SolutionsIn most cases the solutions used during the laboratory can be disposed of as directed by laboratory personnel at the end of the period. Any volatile organic solvents should be placed in the hood as directed. Laboratory personnel will then dispose of these solvents.5Solid trashes including waste papers are prohibited to discard into the sink. 6All the glassware should be cleaned immediately after use. And all the reagent bottles and instruments should be placed neatly after use. 7An experiment report should be submitted to the Professor and/or TAs in time. Laboratory Report1Although students will work in pairs for all experiments, each student must turn in an individual laboratory report, written by himself or herself. These reports should be clearly written in ink, typed, or printed and be clear and legible. If mistakes are made, neatly cross them out and enter the corrections nearby. Reports should be written in the third person (e.g., do not use “I” or “we”). STAPLE a Title Page to the top of the report and STAPLE the accompanying graphs, tables, and laboratory notebook sheets to the back. If the report is not clearly presented, the instructor may return the report without grading it. 2Each laboratory report should consist of: a. Title Page A title page for each experiment is required and should state the title of the experiment, the name of the student, the dates of the laboratory periods covered, the names of the laboratory partners, and the date that the laboratory report is due. b. ObjectivesStatement of the point of the experiment - in no more than two sentences. c. Procedures DO NOT recapitulate the laboratory protocol. Write in you OWN words. A clear flowchart of the procedures is recommended. d. Results This section should summarize your observations presented in the form of graphs, calculations, tables, etc. e. Discussion Evaluate your data. Explain what you observed and also why you think the data were as observed. Do not restate procedures! List possible sites of error. Whenever possible demonstrate your understanding of the theory behind the experiment. Support your results (e.g.: “Using the linear portion of the Absorbance vs. Concentration graph to calculate the slope, it was determined that.”) (Limited to only one page per experiment for experiments 1 - 6 and four pages for experiment 7-9). 3If any laboratory report is not completed and turned in by the end of the quarter, the student maybe receive an Incomplete for the course at the discretion of the instructors; alternatively a “zero” for the missing laboratory report will be recorded and the final grade determined accordingly.