初中英语语法归纳.doc

初中英语语法初中英语语法归纳：名词初中英语学习最难的是语法，因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。对于从小就生活在中国的同学们，学起英语语法来会显得特别吃力。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语名词的语法特点。一、名词(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词(一)名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family,class,police)。不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)(二)名词的数1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.eg.bookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为s，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为z。(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.eg.beachbeaches,brushbrushes,busbuses,boxboxes(es读音为iz(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.eg.citycities,familyfamilies,documentarydocumentaries,countrycountries,strawberrystrawberries(ies读音为iz)(注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days)(4)以o结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：,.tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes, heroheroes negro negroes mongomongoesp结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoozoos,radioradios某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. pianopianos一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s,eg.photo(photograph)photos,kilo(kilogram)kiloszero变复数时，既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.eg.wifewives,leaf leaves,halfhalves,knifeknives,thiefthieves(res读音为vz(注意：roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)(6)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字eg.manmen,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen,EnglishmanEnglishmen,FrenchmanFrenchmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mousemice,OxOxen(公牛)(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors另外,当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。eg.two men teachers,three women doctors可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。eg,much money,a little bread(2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two/three/+量词复数十of+不可数名词。eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。eg： fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物foods各种食品;fish鱼fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙sands沙滩; tea茶a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁an orange橘子; glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸a paper试卷、论文;wood木头a wood小森林;room空间、余地a room房间(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加s.eg.Mikes watch;Womens Day以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加。eg.teachersoffice,studentsrooms两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加s.eg.Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加s.eg.Marys and Jennys bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room(3)特殊形式可用s和of短语表示的名词所有格eg.the boys name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)the dogs legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)Chinas population=the population Of China(中国的人口)Chinas capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)双重所有格eg.a fiend of my mothers我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Toms汤姆的一张图片初中英语语法名词的知识点总结，希望对于同学们的英语学习有所帮助和裨益，祝大家的学习越来越好!初中英语语法归纳：连词初中英语学习最难的是语法，因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。初中英语连词有很多种。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语连词的用法。连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。第一类表示并列关系的连词并列连词：并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。1)and 和判断改错：(错) They sat down and talk about something.(错) They started to dance and sang.(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.(对) They sat down and talked about something.(对) They started to dance and sing.(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.解析：第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。注意：1. and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)Make up your mind, and youll get the chance.= If you make up your mind, youll get the chance.One more effort, and youll succeed.= If you make one more effort, youll succeed2, A and B 当表示整体或者指同一人时谓语动词用单数, 当and连接的单数名词前分别有each，every，many等词修饰时，谓语也用单数。bread and butter a knife and forkThe mother and teacher is very strict with her son.No teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class.3. and连接的是两个相同意思的词，表示“渐渐”，或加强语气Read it again and again2)both and两者都She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.3) neithernor 意思为既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。Neither you nor he is to blame.4)not onlybut (also)不但而且She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.注意： not only but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.5) as well as 以及，也，与同样The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.比较and和or1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。第二类表示选择关系的连词1) or意思为或则。Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?2) eitheror意思为或者或者 。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。Either you or I am right.3) or else/ otherwise 否则Be silent, or else you will be kicked out.I am tired, otherwise, I would play.第三类表示转折或对比关系的连词1) but 但是 He is rich but unhappy.while 然而，表示对比意味 Some people love cats, while others hate them.yet 然而 She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.however 然而，可是，不过 She does not like him, however, I like him.2) notbut 意思为不是 而是not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.第四类表因果关系的连词1) for 因为，做并列连词使用时，是在对先行的句子补述原因或者理由，只可以连接句子与句子，通常不置于句首。He is absent today, for he is ill.2) so, therefore 因此He hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game.I think, therefore I am3)then 那么，因而Hide behind the wall, then they wont see you.注意：a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldnt play in the game.b. although yet，但although不与 but连用。(错)Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.(对)Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.从属连词从属连词不同与并列连词，只能用来引导从句，而不能引导词或者词组。从属连词一般可以引导名词性从句和状语从句。第一类引导名词性从句的从属连词1) that 引导宾语从句或间接引语时，可省略。引导主语从句时不可以省略。He said (that) he would come. 宾语从句His mother told me (that) he is a good boy. 间接引语That she is still alive is true. 主语从句2) if/whether 是否I wonder if he is at home.I ask him whether he would come.注意：只可以用whether的情况介词后面 It will depend on whether it rains tomorrow.whetheror not 固定搭配 Let me know whether you come or not.动词不定式前 I dont know whether to accept his advice.第二类引导状语从句的从属连词1) 连接时间状语从句的从属连词before 在之前 The war had been over before he came to China.after 在之后 He came to China after the war was over.since 自从 I have lived in this city since I was born.when/while 当 The teacher entered the classroom, when all the students were playingWhen I came into this room, I found him lying bed asleep (while后接的动词是延续性的动词)as 当 I saw her as I was getting on the bus.till/until 直到 I didnt go to sleep until/till I finished my homework.as soon as 一就 As soon as he saw the policeman, the thief run away.2) 连接地点状语从句的从属连词where 在哪里 There were lots of parks where I lived.3) 连接原因状语从句的从属连词because 原因,用于解释某事的原因，动机，强调直接原因和因果关系 I do it because I like it.for 表因为，表间接的原因，用于说明，解释 I soon went to sleep, for I was tiredsince 表原因，比because弱，比as强，表一种已知的，显然的理由，常译为“既然as 表原因时，意义最弱 As you are in poor health, you should do more exercises4) 连接结果状语从句的从属连词sothat 如此以至于 He is so kind that everybody likes him.suchthat He is such a kind man that everybody likes him5) 连接目的状语从句的从属连词that / so that / in order that 为了Speak clearly that/so that/ in order that they may understand you.6) 连接条件状语从句的从属连词if 如果 If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.unless 除非 (如果不 ) He will come unless it rains.in case 万一 You may call this number in case I am not at home7)连接比较状语从句的从属连词than 比 Its easier than I thought.as/soas和一样 She is as tall as you.He is not as/so tall as his wife.8)连接方式状语从句的从属连词as 按照 Do as I told you.Take things as they are.as if / though 仿佛 He behaves as if/though he was a child.9)引导让步状语从句的从属连词although/though 尽管 Although Japan is small, the population is big.even if 即便 Even if it was snowing heavily, we went on running.初中英语语法归纳：副词初中英语学习最难的是语法，因为英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同。初中也要副词用法有很多种。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语副词的用法。副词在句中主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子。初中英语副词的用法： 修饰动词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、频度等。一般位于动词之后，如果动词有宾语，则要位于宾语之后。频度副词常位于助动词和连系动词be 之后或实义动词之前。例如：He arrived only yesterday. 他是昨天才到的。There were clothes lying here and there on the floor. 地板上到处都是衣服。I have been terribly worried about you all day. 我一整天都非常为你担心。She plays the piano very well. 她钢琴弹得很好。The boy is always asking his parents for money. 那个男孩老是向他父母要钱。She never goes to the cinema. 她向来不看电影。 修饰形容词、副词、介词短语，一般前置，只有enough例外，需要后置。例如：She seems quite happy. 她看上去相当愉快。Youve done rather badly in the test. 你考得够糟糕的。The wind was right in our faces. 风迎面吹来。This girl is not old enough to go to school. 这个女孩还没有到上学的年龄。He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快，没有赶上火车。 用作表语，多为与介词同形的副词和表示方位的副词。例如：Is anybody in? 里面有人吗?有人在家吗?Father is away. 父亲离家在外。I am downstairs and my brother is upstairs. 我住楼下，我哥哥住楼上。My friend is still abroad. 我的朋友还在国外。 少数表示地点或时间的副词还可用作定语，一般位于名词之后。例如：I hope youll enjoy your stay here. 希望你在这里过得愉快。I met a friend of mine on my way home. 在我回家的路上，我碰到一位朋友。What did you think of the meeting yesterday? 你觉得昨天的会开得怎样? 副词的比较等级用法与形容词一样。初中英语副词的分类1、 时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.2、 地点副词:here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.3、方式副词:carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly4、 程度副词，放在被修饰词之前:much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.5、 疑问副词，一般放在句首：how, when, where, why.6、关系副词，一般放在句首：when, where, why.7、连接副词:how, when, where, why, whether.初中也要重点副词注释：1.asas常构成一些词组：as soon as(一旦就), as well as(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)注释 as long / much as + 名词可以表示长达/多达的含义。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)2. later、after、ago、before的用法：一段时间+later/ago分别表示(多久)以后/以前,主要用于过去时态。after/before+某个时刻分别表示在某时刻之后/之前,此时两个词是介词。ago与before：ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你从前到过那儿吗?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。)3.above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under.如：The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。4. too、also、either、nor的用法：too(也)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;also(也)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either(也)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor(也不)用于倒装句句首;如：Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didnt watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。)5. enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (足够,十分)放在形容词或副词之后;too(太)、very(非常)、quite(相当)、so(如此地)等放在形容词或副词之前,very much(非常)放在动词之后。如：Its too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)/ I dont like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果)注意 very与 much的区别：very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/ I dont like him much.(我不太喜欢他)6. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)7. how、what用于感叹句的用法：对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!(问题)真难呀!)8.already、yet的用法：在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如：Have you done it already?(你已经做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。)9. hard与hardly的用法：hard作为副词意思是：努力地,猛烈地,hardly是否定词,意思是：几乎不,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如：They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰)10. like.very much、like.better(=prefer)、like.best的用法：三个短语分别表示非常喜欢、更喜欢、最喜欢。如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.11.quite/what+a+形容词+名词的用法：记住：quite/such/what.+a+形容词+名词;too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;rather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子)初中英语语法归纳：数词初中英语的语法跟汉语的语法有很大的不同，初中英语数词是其中之一。表示数目和顺序的词叫数词，数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。下面为大家讲解一下初中英语连词的用法。(一)基数词基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1，000，000 a million4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10，000，000 ten million5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100，000，000 a hundred million6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1，000，000，000 a billion7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety10 ten说明：1.1319是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。2.2090由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意其中2050的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。3.其它非整十的两位数2199是由整十位数加连字符“-”，再加个位数构成。如： 81 eighty-one。4.101999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如： 691 six hundred and ninety-one。5.1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”