韩礼德与系统功能语法.ppt

Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammarn nGao Lein nMichael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday has developed ideas stemming from has developed ideas stemming from Firths theories in the London School.Firths theories in the London School.n nHe He is is probably probably the the most most important important representative representative of of the the Systemic-Systemic-Functional School.Functional School.n nSystemic-Functional Systemic-Functional Grammar Grammar has has two two components:components:Systemic Systemic GrammarGrammar and and Functional GrammarFunctional Grammar.Systemic Grammarn nSystemic grammar aims to explain the Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a SYSTEM internal relations in language as a SYSTEM NETWORK,or MEANING POTENTIAL.NETWORK,or MEANING POTENTIAL.And this network consists of subsystems And this network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices.from which language users make choices.n nThe The notion notion of of system system is is made made a a central central explanatory explanatory principle,principle,the the whole whole of of language language being being conceived conceived as as a a“system“system of of systems”.systems”.Halliday Halliday defines defines system system as as a a system system of of potentials,a range of alternatives.potentials,a range of alternatives.Systemic Grammarn nperspersononn nFirst First personpersonn nSecond Second personpersonn nThird personThird personn nnumbnumberern nsingularsingularn npluralpluraln ntentensesen npastpastn npresepresentntn nfuturfuture en n当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后（如当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后（如当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后（如当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后（如人称、数、及物性、语气、时态等），则人称、数、及物性、语气、时态等），则人称、数、及物性、语气、时态等），则人称、数、及物性、语气、时态等），则可生成句子结构。可生成句子结构。可生成句子结构。可生成句子结构。Systemic Grammarn nThe axis of The axis of chainchainn nSurface aspects of Surface aspects of grammar,such as sentence grammar,such as sentence structures,linguistic units,structures,linguistic units,and their ranks(sentence,and their ranks(sentence,clause,group,word,and clause,group,word,and morpheme)morpheme)n nThe axis of The axis of choicechoicen nMeaning Meaning aspects aspects of of grammargrammarn nchoice choice(paradigmatic)(paradigmatic)n nChain Chain(syntagmatic)(syntagmatic)n nOn a general level,there is the Chain System and the On a general level,there is the Chain System and the Choice SystemChoice Systemn nThe relation between systemic grammar and functional grammarn nThe The system system network network in in Systemic Systemic Grammar Grammar chiefly chiefly describes describes three three components components of of function,function,or or three three metafunctions metafunctions (ideational,(ideational,interpersonal,interpersonal,and and textual).textual).Each Each of of them them is is a a complex complex system system consisting consisting of of other other systems,systems,and and choices choices are are simultaneously simultaneously made made from from the the three metafunctions.three metafunctions.Functional Grammarn nHalliday Halliday defines defines a a functional functional grammar grammar as as“essentially“essentially a a natural natural grammar,grammar,in in the the sense sense that that everything everything in in it it can can be be explained”.explained”.Halliday Halliday interprets interprets language language development development from from a a functional functional point point of of view view and and formulates formulates a a functional theory of language.functional theory of language.n nthe ideationalthe ideationaln nthe interpersonalthe interpersonaln nthe textual functionthe textual functionn nThree Three metafunctionsmetafunctionsFunctional Grammarn nThe ideational function is to convey new The ideational function is to convey new information,to communicate a content that is information,to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer.The ideational function unknown to the hearer.The ideational function mainly consists of“mainly consists of“transitivitytransitivity”and“voice”.”and“voice”.n nThe interpersonal function embodies all uses of The interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations.language to express social and personal relations.n nThe textual function refers to the fact that The textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.different from a random list of sentences.Transitivityn nTransitivity Transitivity is is a a grammatical grammatical system.system.I I t t“specifies“specifies the the different different types types of of process process that that are are recognized recognized in in the the language,language,and and the the structures structures by by which which they they are are expressed”.expressed”.The The basic basic semantic semantic framework framework for for the the representation representation of of process process consists consists of of three three components components(1)(1)the the processprocess itself,itself,(2)(2)participantsparticipants in in the the process,process,and and(3)(3)circumstancescircumstances associated associated with with the the process.process.n nProcessn nIn In English,English,we we make make choices choices between between different different types types of of process,process,participants,participants,circumstances,circumstances,roles,roles,and and members.members.They They are are known known collectively collectively as as the the transitivity transitivity choices.choices.We We first first divided divided the the choices choices into six kinds:into six kinds:n nTransitiviTransitivitytyn nMaterial process(Material process(John kicked the John kicked the ballball)n nMental process(Mental process(John likes MaryJohn likes Mary)n nRelational Process(Relational Process(John is on the John is on the sofasofa)n nBehavioural process(Behavioural process(John John laughedlaughed)n nVerbal process(Verbal process(John said it is cold in John said it is cold in the roomthe room)n nExistential process(Existential process(There is a cat on There is a cat on the sofathe sofa)Processn n1.1.MaterialMaterial processes:Processes of processes:Processes of doingdoingn nMaterial Material processes processes are are processes processes of of doing.doing.Such Such a a process process is is expressed expressed by by an an action action verb verb(e.g.(e.g.beatbeat、breakbreak、kick),kick),an an actor actor(logical(logical subject)subject)and and the the goal goal of of the the action action(logical(logical direct direct object,object,usually usually a a noun noun or or a a pronoun).pronoun).Actor Actor and and Goal Goal correspond correspond to to Agent Agent and and Patient.Patient.For For example:example:n nMy brother broke the windowMy brother broke the window.(Actor-Process-.(Actor-Process-Goal)Goal)n nThe girl smilesThe girl smiles.(Actor-Process).(Actor-Process)Processn n2.2.MentalMental Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of sensingsensingn nA mental process consists of two participants:A mental process consists of two participants:SenserSenser and and PhenomenonPhenomenon.The senser is the.The senser is the conscious being that is feeling,thinking,or seeing.conscious being that is feeling,thinking,or seeing.The phenomenon is that which is“sensed”felt,The phenomenon is that which is“sensed”felt,thought,seen.The category of mental process thought,seen.The category of mental process consists of three principal subtypes(1)perception consists of three principal subtypes1)perception(seeing,hearing,etc),(2)affection(liking,fearing,(seeing,hearing,etc),(2)affection(liking,fearing,etc),and(3)cognition(thinking,knowing,etc)etc),and(3)cognition(thinking,knowing,etc)n ne.g.Mary liked the gifte.g.Mary liked the gift.(Senser-Process-.(Senser-Process-Phenomenon)Phenomenon)n nThe gift pleased MaryThe gift pleased Mary.(Phenomenon-Process-.(Phenomenon-Process-Senser)Senser)Processn n3.3.RelationalRelational Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of BeingBeingn nRelational processes can be classified into two Relational processes can be classified into two types:the types:the AttributiveAttributive and the and the IdentifyingIdentifying.The.The former expresses what attributes a certain object former expresses what attributes a certain object has,or what type it belongs to.The latter has,or what type it belongs to.The latter expresses the identical properties of two entities.expresses the identical properties of two entities.n nThese These two two relations relations can can be be further further classified classified into into the the Intensive Intensive(is is a a),),Circumstantial Circumstantial(is is at a),and Possessive(has a).at a),and Possessive(has a).Processn n3.3.RelationalRelational Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of BeingBeingn nAttributive mode(Carrier-Process-Attributive mode(Carrier-Process-Attribute):Attribute):(1)(1)Mary is wiseMary is wise.(intensive).(intensive)(2)(2)The meeting is on a TuesdayThe meeting is on a Tuesday.(circumstantial).(circumstantial)(3)(3)Peter has a pianoPeter has a piano.(possessive).(possessive)n nIdentifying mode(Identified-Process-Identifying mode(Identified-Process-Identifier):Identifier):n n(4)(4)Tom is the leaderTom is the leader.(intensive).(intensive)n n(5)(5)TomorrowTomorrow is the tenthis the tenth.(circumstantial)(circumstantial)n n(6)(6)TheThe piano is Peterspiano is Peters.(possessive).(possessive)Processn n3.3.RelationalRelational Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of BeingBeing Mode typeattributiveidentifying(1)Intensive(2)Circumstantial(3)posessiveSara is wise.The fair is on a Tuesday.Peter has a piano.Tom is the leader;the leader is Tom.Tomorrow is the 10th;the 10th is tomorrow.The piano is Peters;Peters is the piano.Processn n3.3.RelationalRelational Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of BeingBeingparticipantreversibleattributiveonly one(carrier)YesidentifyingtwoNon nTom is the leader.Tom is the leader.n nThe leader is Tom.The leader is Tom.n nMary is wise.Mary is wise.n n*Wise is Mary*Wise is Mary.Processn n3.3.RelationalRelational Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of BeingBeingn nHalliday Halliday points points out out that that in in any any identifying identifying clause,clause,there there is is a a Token Token and and a a Value.Value.These These are are always always related related with with the the identifier identifier and and the the identified.For example:identified.For example:n ne.g.John is our monitor.e.g.John is our monitor.n nIdentified Process IdentifiedIdentified Process Identifiedn nToken ValueToken ValueProcessn n3.3.RelationalRelational Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of BeingBeingn nHalliday Halliday also also points points out out that that if if the the subject subject is is Token,Tokenthen then the the clause clause is is in in the the active active voice.voice.Or Or if if the the subject subject is is Value,Value,then then the the clause is in the passive voice.Examples are:clause is in the passive voice.Examples are:n ne.g.The daughter resembles her mother.The daughter resembles her mother.n n The mother is resembled by the The mother is resembled by the daughter.daughter.Processn n4.4.VerbalVerbal Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of SayingSayingn nVerbal Verbal processes processes are are those those of of exchanging exchanging information.information.Commonly Commonly used used verbs verbs are are“say”,“say”,“tell”,“tell”,“talk”,“talk”,“praise”,“praise”,“describe”,“describe”,etc.etc.In In this this type type of of processes processes the the participant participant are are the the Sayer,Sayer,Receiver,Receiver,and and Verbiage.Verbiage.The The verbiage verbiage is is the the verbalization itself or the content of message.verbalization itself or the content of message.n nHe said that.He said that.(Sayer-Process-Verbiage)(Sayer-Process-Verbiage)n nThe notices tells you to keep quiteThe notices tells you to keep quite.(Sayer-Process-.(Sayer-Process-Verbiage)Verbiage)n nShe asked me some questionsShe asked me some questions.(Sayer-Process-Verbiage).(Sayer-Process-Verbiage)Processn n5.5.BehaviouralBehavioural Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of BehavingBehavingn nBehavioural Behavioural processes processes refer refer to to physiological physiological and and psychological psychological activities activities such such as as breathing,breathing,coughing,coughing,dreaming,dreaming,and and crying,crying,etc.etc.Generally Generally only only one one participant,participant,the the Behaver Behaver(often(often a a human)is involved in these processes.human)is involved in these processes.n nThe girl laughed heartilyThe girl laughed heartily.n n(Behaver-Process-Circumstantial)(Behaver-Process-Circumstantial)n nHe sighed deeplyHe sighed deeply.n n(Behaver-Process-Circumstantial)(Behaver-Process-Circumstantial)Processn n6.6.ExistentialExistential Processes:Processes of Processes:Processes of Existing or Existing or HappeningHappeningn nIt It is is usually usually realized realized by by therethere-construction.-construction.The The Existent Existent in in the the process process may may be be an an event,event,an object or a human being.an object or a human being.n nThere was a stormThere was a storm.(Process-Existent).(Process-Existent)n nOn the wall there hangs a pictureOn the wall there hangs a picture.(Circumstance-Process-Existent)(Circumstance-Process-Existent)n nTheres a man at the doorTheres a man at the door.(Process-Existent-Circumstance)(Process-Existent-Circumstance)Process TypesCategory MeaningParticipantsMaterial:Action EventDoing:Doing,happeningActor,GoalBehaviouralBehavingBehaverMental:Perfection Affection CognitionSensing:seeing feeling thinkingSenser,PhenomenonVerbalsayingSayer,receiver,verbiageRelational:Attribution IdentificationBeing:attributing identifyingCarrier,Attribute,Identifier,Identified,Token,ValueExistentialexistingExistentParticipantsn n1.Beneficiary1.Beneficiaryn nThe The beneficiary beneficiary is is the the one one to to whom whom or or for for whom whom the the process process is is said said to to take take place.place.It It appears appears in in material material and and verbal verbal processes,processes,and and sometimes sometimes in in relational processes.relational processes.n nMaterial process Material process recipientrecipient(one that goods are given (one that goods are given to)to)n n He gave a book He gave a book toto her her.n n ClientClient(one that services are done (one that services are done for)for)n n He bought a present He bought a present forfor her her.n nVerbal process receiverVerbal process receivern nRelational process beneficiaryRelationa