定语从句中可省略的关系副词教学提纲.doc

精品文档（5）关系副词的省略在某些表示时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。如the time, every time, each time, the moment等。e.g.By the time (when) he was fourteen years old Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.到十四岁时，爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。Do you still remember the day(when) we first met? 你仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天吗?在某些句子中表示地点的名词后关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。e.g.Thats the place (where) he lived when he was in Paris. 这就是他在巴黎时所住的地方。This is the place (where) we met years ago. 这就是多年前我们见面的地方。先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。e.g.Thats the reason (why) I asked you to come. 这就是我叫你来的原因。The reason (why) he did that is quite clear. 他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。e.g.I appreciate the way (that) you teach us. 我非常喜欢你教我们的方式。5定语从句中需注意的事项（1）主谓一致问题这是指关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词一致的问题。取决于先行词，先行词是单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数时，从句的谓语动词用复数。e.g.Mr. Smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you. 史密斯先生要见你，他现在正在楼下。(定语从句的谓语动词is根据Mr. Smith而定。)The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you. 史密斯夫妇要见你，他们正在楼下。(定语从句的谓语动词are根据the Smiths而定。)“one of复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；“the(only, very, right) one of复数名词”作主语时。谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.Jeff is one of the students who were awarded. 杰夫是当时获奖的学生之一。(本句的先行词是the students，即所修饰的中心词为the students，因此谓语动词应根据the students而定。)Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded. 杰夫是唯一一个获奖的学生。(本句的中心词移到了the only one，因此定语从句的谓语动词需根据the only one而定。)（2）what, how不可引导定语从句what本身是复合关系代词，等同于“先行词关系代词(which/that)”。因此不能用what引导定语从句。e.g.Time is what we demand most. (=Time is all (that) we demand most.) 我们所需要的就是时间。Tell me what is happening. (=Tell me something that is happening.) 告诉我正在发生什么事。She isnt what she used to be. (=She isnt the one (that) she used to be.) 她不是过去的她了。how为复合关系副词。本身等同于the way in which，因此，不能用how引导定语从句。e.g.I dont like how you behave. (=I dont like the way (that/ in which) you behave.) 我不喜欢你行事的方法。This is how I worked out this problem. (=This is the way (that/in which) I worked out this problem.) 这就是我解出这道题的方法。（3）关系代词that和which的用法辨析that和which在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语，指物。作宾语时，均可省略。通常情况下，二者可互换使用。但有时却不宜随便互换。宜用that的情况1）当先行词是all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything. none, nothing等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。e.g.There is not much that ought to be done right now. 现在没有多少应该做的事情。I did nothing that might hurt you. 伤害你的事我一点儿也没做。2）当先行词是be后面的表语，或者关系代词本身在从句中作表语时。e.g.The school is quite different from the one that it used to be. 这所学校已和原来的迥然不同了。He is not the man that he was. 他过去不是这样的。3）当主句以here, there开头时。e.g.Here is a hotel that youve been looking for. 这就是你一直在找的旅馆。There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken. 在角上还有一个空位。4）当先行词有the only, the same, the very, the last等词修饰时。e.g.These articles are the very ones that should be read. 这些文章才是应该读的。Chatting was the only thing that interested her most. 聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。5）当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。e.g.This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city. 这是这座城市迄今为止所放过的最好的电影。6）当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。e.g.Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁?Which of us that knows something about physics cannot join electric wires? 我们中间懂物理的谁不会接电线?7）当先行词有两个或两个以上，并且分别表示人和物时。e.g.She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in. 她把她所感兴趣的人和物全拍摄了下来。宜用which的情况1）在非限制性定语从句中。e.g.Football, which is a very interesting game, is liked by many boys in our class. 足球是很有趣的运动项目，被我们班里很多男生所喜爱。2）在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。e.g.Im looking for a container in which I can put all these coins. 我想找一个能放下这些硬币的容器。6初中阶段学习定语从句的要点。上面我们详细的复习了定语从句在初中阶段所学习的内容，为了方便同学们记忆，下面我们把内容梳理如下。定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。（1）引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有：when, where, why, that。注意：关系副词里面没有how。如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。e.g.I dont like the way(that, in which)he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。（2）关系代词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。e.g.He is the man who wants to see you. 他就是想要见你的那个人。(who在从句中作主语)（3）关系代词whom。e.g.He is the man whom I saw in the park yesterday. 他就是我昨天在公园里见到的那个人。(whom在从句中作宾语)作宾语用的引导词可以省略，因此上面的句子可以改写如下：He is the man I saw in the park yesterday.（4）关系代词whose用来指人或物，(只能用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换)。e.g.Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。（5）关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。e.g.They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice. 他们需要一种不像水稻那么需要水的作物。(作主语)注意：当有which和that要进行选择的情况下，以下情况要选which：在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。修饰整个主句。e.g.I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 从那以后我再也没有见到过朱莉叶，真是遗憾。修饰谓语部分e.g.He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 他会在河里游泳，那正是我不会的。介词whiche.g.They are all questions to which there are no answers. 那些问题都是无头公案。（6）关系代词that多用来指物，有的也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that，也可用which。e.g.Its a question that(which) needs careful consideration. 这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。(指物，作主语。)注意：在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词：先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。e.g.All that she lacked was training. 她所缺少的只是训练。注意：everything等为先行词时，引导词可以省略。先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g.This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。先行词被序数词和the last修饰时。先行词中既有人又有物时。e.g.They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 他们谈论他们参观过的那些学校和老师们。主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时。（7）关系代词as用于引导限制住定语从句时，多数和suchas和the sameas连用。e.g.I have never heard such a story as he told. 我从未听过他讲的这种故事。注意：as和which的区别：关系代词as用于引导非限制性定语从句时，应注意以下几点： as引导的非限制性定语从句位于句末时，一般可以和which互换。e.g.The author was brought up in a small village, as(which) is recounted in some of his stories.作者是在一个小村庄里长大的，这个问题在他的一些小说里已被提到过。但是，当主句是否定句时，as和which就不能互换，因为as引导的非限制性定语从句不包含否定意义。 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句子的最前面，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。e.g.As you will find out, all is now settled.你将会看到这样一种情况，一切都已搞定了。典例剖析例题1Barbara, where do you work?I work for a company _ sells cars.AwhichBwhere Cwhat Dwho解题技巧：首先译这段小对话“芭芭拉，你在哪儿工作？我在一家汽车销售公司工作。”从句缺少主语，这个定语从句，先行词company是表示事物的名词，where是副词，不能作主语，what不引导定语从句，who引导的定语从句，其先行词是指人的名词。答案：A例题2Do you like the music _ makes you excited?AitBwhat CthatDwho解题技巧：这题是考查定语从句。先看先行词music，是事物it，what不能引导定语从句，而who的先行词应该是人称或代人的名词。 答案：C例题3The songs _ SHE sing are very popular.(北京市中考题)AwhichBwho Cwhom Dwhose解题技巧： 此题先行词是songs是事物，所以选择which。 答案：A初中定语从句练习题1. Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 16. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A. that against B. that against C. who is against D. who are against 17. Didnt you see the man _? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 18. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 19. Is there anything _ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 20. - “How do you like the book?” - “Its quite different from _ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them. A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others 22. The train _ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 23. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. where B. in which C. under which D. which 24. Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which 25. Its the third time _ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that youve arrived D. when youve arrived 26. It was in 1969 _ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon. A. that B. which C. when D. in which精品文档