苏格拉底-英文介绍.ppt

SocratesSocratesAbriefintroductionofSocratesSocraticmethodSocraticwisdomSocraticvirtueSocraticquotesBorn:469 B.C.Birthplace:Athens,Greece Died:399 B.C.Best Known As:The great Greek philosopher and famous educator.SocrateswasborninAthens,Greeceaordinarycitizensfamily.Hisfatherwasengraver,andhismotherwasmidwife.Socrateshadflatnose,thicklips,protrudingeyes,clumsyandsmallbody.Helooksordinary,buthadsacredideals.苏格拉底出生于希腊苏格拉底出生于希腊雅典雅典一个普通公民的家庭。其一个普通公民的家庭。其父是雕刻匠，母亲是助产妇。父是雕刻匠，母亲是助产妇。苏格拉底有扁平的苏格拉底有扁平的鼻子，肥厚的嘴唇，凸出的眼睛，笨拙而矮小的身鼻子，肥厚的嘴唇，凸出的眼睛，笨拙而矮小的身体。他容貌平凡，却具有神圣的思想。体。他容貌平凡，却具有神圣的思想。Socratesledahardlife.Nomattercoldwinterorhotsummer,heworeacommonsinglelayer,oftendidntwearshoes,didntpayattentiontoeat.Buthedidnotseemtonoticethese,justtoconcentrateonscholar.Hislifeexamplesandachievementthought,wererecordedbyhisdisciples.苏格拉底一生过着艰苦的苏格拉底一生过着艰苦的生活生活。无论严寒酷暑，他都穿着。无论严寒酷暑，他都穿着一件普通的单衣，经常不穿鞋，对吃饭也不讲究。但他似一件普通的单衣，经常不穿鞋，对吃饭也不讲究。但他似乎没有注意到这些，只是专心致志地做学问。他的生平事乎没有注意到这些，只是专心致志地做学问。他的生平事例，成就思想，均由其弟子记录。例，成就思想，均由其弟子记录。The death 古希腊著名哲学家苏格拉底古希腊著名哲学家苏格拉底 SocratesSocrates 曾经自幼随父学艺，曾经自幼随父学艺，后后 来，当过兵，曾经三次参战。大约在来，当过兵，曾经三次参战。大约在4040岁左右苏格拉底出了岁左右苏格拉底出了名，并进人五百人会议。大约公元前名，并进人五百人会议。大约公元前399399年，苏格拉底因年，苏格拉底因“不敬不敬国家所奉的神，并且宣传其他的新神，败坏青年国家所奉的神，并且宣传其他的新神，败坏青年”的罪名被判有的罪名被判有死罪。在收监期间，他的朋友买通了狱卒，劝他逃走，但他决心死罪。在收监期间，他的朋友买通了狱卒，劝他逃走，但他决心服从国家的法律，拒不逃走。后来在狱中服毒受死终年服从国家的法律，拒不逃走。后来在狱中服毒受死终年7O7O岁岁Socrates friends wanted to help him escape.But Socrates felt that Socrates friends wanted to help him escape.But Socrates felt that obeying the courts decision was the right thing to do.Socrates spent obeying the courts decision was the right thing to do.Socrates spent his last day with his friends.Then,he calmly drank poison made from his last day with his friends.Then,he calmly drank poison made from a hemlocka hemlock（从芹叶钩吻制取的毒药）（从芹叶钩吻制取的毒药）plant and died.plant and died.whenSocrateswasinprison,heheardanewprisonersingsingasongwhichheneverheardbefore.Socratesaskedtheprisonertoteachhimthenewsong.TheprisonerknewthatSocrateswasondeathrow,theexecutionwascoming.Listeningtohisrequest,theprisonerwasverysurprised:youdontknowwhatisgoingtobeexecuted?OfcourseIknow.Socrateseasilyanswered.Whyareyougoingtolearnanewsong?Socratesreplied:icansingonemoresongbeforeIdie.“苏格拉底坐牢时，听见隔壁牢房里有个新来的犯人在哼歌，那是一首新苏格拉底坐牢时，听见隔壁牢房里有个新来的犯人在哼歌，那是一首新歌，他以前从未听过。苏格拉底急忙请求唱歌的狱友教他那首新歌。歌，他以前从未听过。苏格拉底急忙请求唱歌的狱友教他那首新歌。监牢里的人都知道苏格拉底是死囚，行刑日期迫近。听了他的请求，唱监牢里的人都知道苏格拉底是死囚，行刑日期迫近。听了他的请求，唱歌的囚犯很吃惊：歌的囚犯很吃惊：“您不知道自己马上就要被处决了吗？您不知道自己马上就要被处决了吗？”“我当我当然知道。然知道。”苏格拉底轻松地回答。苏格拉底轻松地回答。“那您为什么还要学新歌呢？那您为什么还要学新歌呢？”狱友不解地问。狱友不解地问。这位伟人回答说：这位伟人回答说：“这样我死的时候就多会一首歌。这样我死的时候就多会一首歌。”SocraticmethodThemethodofteachinginwhichthemasterimpartsnoinformation,butasksasequenceofquestions,throughansweringwhich the pupil eventually comes to thedesired knowledge.It can also be calledelenchus(讥讽),maieuticmethod(产婆术).Generallyspeaking,itisaformofinquiryanddebatebetweenindividualswithopposingviewpointsbasedonaskingandansweringquestionstostimulatecriticalthinkingandtoilluminateideas.Soinsomesense,SocraticmethodequalstoStimulatingModewhichistheessenceofteachingphilosophyofKongfuzi.Socrates believed that his wisdom sprung from an Socrates believed that his wisdom sprung from an awareness of his own ignorance.He knew that he knew awareness of his own ignorance.He knew that he knew nothing,and that all error came out of ignorance.Socrates nothing,and that all error came out of ignorance.Socrates believed that the best way for people to live was to focus believed that the best way for people to live was to focus not on accumulating possessions,but on self-development.not on accumulating possessions,but on self-development.Socrates believed that Socrates believed that deals belong in a world that only deals belong in a world that only the wise man can understandthe wise man can understand，making the philosopher the making the philosopher the only type of person suitable to govern others.only type of person suitable to govern others.SocraticwisdomOneofthebestknownsayingsofSocratesisIonlyknowthatIknownothing.TheconventionalinterpretationofthisremarkisthatSocrateswisdomwaslimitedtoanawarenessofhisownignorance.Socratesbelievedwrongdoingwasaconsequenceofignoranceandthosewhodidwrongknewnobetter.SocraticvirtueSocratesbelievedthebestwayforpeopletolivewastofocusonself-developmentratherthanthepursuitofmaterialwealth.TheideathathumanspossessedcertainvirtuesformedacommonthreadinSocratesteachings.Thesevirtuesrepresentedthemostimportantqualitiesforapersontohave,foremostofwhichwerethephilosophicalorintellectualvirtues.Socratesstressedthatvirtuewasthemostvaluableofallpossessions;theideallifewasspentinsearchoftheGood.Truthliesbeneaththeshadowsofexistence,anditisthejobofthephilosophertoshowtheresthowlittletheyreallyknow.One summer he built himself a house.The house is very small,the neighbors wondered,how could the house make him satisfied?You so a big shot,but their house into such a small box,what is the reason?There is really no reason reason.He said,but this place is small,but if I can make it withtrue friends,I will think you are happy.一个夏天，他为自己建造了一所房子。房子非常小，他的邻居都很纳闷，一个夏天，他为自己建造了一所房子。房子非常小，他的邻居都很纳闷，这房子怎么会使他满意呢？这房子怎么会使他满意呢？“您这么一个大人物，却把自己的房您这么一个大人物，却把自己的房子盖成这么一个小盒子，有什么道理吗？子盖成这么一个小盒子，有什么道理吗？”“确实没有什么道理。确实没有什么道理。”他说，他说，“不过这个地方虽小，但是如果我能使它容下真正的朋友，我不过这个地方虽小，但是如果我能使它容下真正的朋友，我将会认为自己是快乐的。将会认为自己是快乐的。”The waySocrates tells people is very vivid,sopeople never feel bored.那些总是赞美你的言行的人必定不是忠诚的朋友，忠诚意味着温和的指出你的过失。那些总是赞美你的言行的人必定不是忠诚的朋友，忠诚意味着温和的指出你的过失。1.Faithfularethewoundsofafriend,butthekissesofanenemyaredeceitful.2.Hewhoisnotcontentedwithwhathehas,wouldnotbecontentedwithwhathewouldliketohave.对现在拥有的不满足，那么对他所期待的也不会满意。对现在拥有的不满足，那么对他所期待的也不会满意。3.Employyourtimeinimprovingyourselfbyothermenswritingssothatyoushallgaineasilywhatothershavelaboredhardfor.将你的时间用于阅读他人的作品，别人费力学到的东西，你就能轻松获得。将你的时间用于阅读他人的作品，别人费力学到的东西，你就能轻松获得。4.Lethimthatwouldmovetheworld,firstmovehimself.要想改变世界，先要改变自己。要想改变世界，先要改变自己。5.Itisnotlivingthatmatters,butlivingrightly.活着不是重要的，重要的是怎么活。活着不是重要的，重要的是怎么活。6.Falsewordsarenotonlyevilinthemselves,buttheyinfectthesoulwithevil.谎言不仅本身是罪恶的，还会让你的灵魂堕落。谎言不仅本身是罪恶的，还会让你的灵魂堕落。Our best sources of information about Socrates Our best sources of information about Socrates philosophical views are the early dialogues of his student philosophical views are the early dialogues of his student Plato,who attempted there to provide a faithful picture of Plato,who attempted there to provide a faithful picture of the methods and teachings of the master.In the Socratic the methods and teachings of the master.In the Socratic dialogues,his extended conversations with students,dialogues,his extended conversations with studentsstatesmen,and friends invariably aim at understanding statesmen,and friends invariably aim at understanding and achieving virtue through the careful application of a and achieving virtue through the careful application of a dialectical method that employs critical inquiry to dialectical method that employs critical inquiry to undermine the plausibility of widely-held doctrines.undermine the plausibility of widely-held doctrines.Destroying the illusion that we already comprehend the Destroying the illusion that we already comprehend the world perfectly and honestly accepting the fact of our world perfectly and honestly accepting the fact of our own ignorance,Socrates believed,are vital steps toward own ignorance,Socrates believed,are vital steps toward our acquisition of genuine knowledge,by discovering our acquisition of genuine knowledge,by discovering universal definitions of the key concepts governing universal definitions of the key concepts governing human life.human life.SocraticandPlato有一天，柏拉图问苏格拉底：什麽是爱情？有一天，柏拉图问苏格拉底：什麽是爱情？苏格拉底说：我请你穿越这片稻田，去摘一株最大最金黄的麦穗回来，但是有个规苏格拉底说：我请你穿越这片稻田，去摘一株最大最金黄的麦穗回来，但是有个规则：你不能走回头路，而且你只能摘一次。则：你不能走回头路，而且你只能摘一次。於是柏拉图去做了。许久之后，他却空著双手回来了。於是柏拉图去做了。许久之后，他却空著双手回来了。苏格拉底问他怎麽空手回来了？苏格拉底问他怎麽空手回来了？柏拉图说道：当我走在田间的时候，曾看到过几株特别大特别灿烂的麦穗，可是，柏拉图说道：当我走在田间的时候，曾看到过几株特别大特别灿烂的麦穗，可是，我总想著前面也许会有更大更好的，於是就没有摘；但是，我继续走的时候，看到我总想著前面也许会有更大更好的，於是就没有摘；但是，我继续走的时候，看到的麦穗，总觉得还不如先前看到的好，所以我最后什麽都没有摘到的麦穗，总觉得还不如先前看到的好，所以我最后什麽都没有摘到苏格拉底意味深长地说：这，就是爱情。苏格拉底意味深长地说：这，就是爱情。又一天，柏拉图问苏格拉底：什麽是婚姻？又一天，柏拉图问苏格拉底：什麽是婚姻？苏格拉底说：我请你穿越这片树林，去砍一棵最粗最结实的树回来好放在屋子裏做苏格拉底说：我请你穿越这片树林，去砍一棵最粗最结实的树回来好放在屋子裏做圣诞树，但是有个规则：你不能走回头路，而且你只能砍一次。圣诞树，但是有个规则：你不能走回头路，而且你只能砍一次。於是柏拉图去做了。许久之后，他带了一棵并不算最高大粗壮却也不算赖的树回来於是柏拉图去做了。许久之后，他带了一棵并不算最高大粗壮却也不算赖的树回来了。了。苏格拉底问他怎麽只砍了这样一棵树回来？苏格拉底问他怎麽只砍了这样一棵树回来？柏拉图说道：当我穿越树林的时候，看到过几棵非常好的树，这次，我吸取了上次柏拉图说道：当我穿越树林的时候，看到过几棵非常好的树，这次，我吸取了上次摘麦穗的教训，看到这棵树还不错，就选它了，我怕我不选它，就又会错过了砍树摘麦穗的教训，看到这棵树还不错，就选它了，我怕我不选它，就又会错过了砍树的机会而空手而归，尽管它并不是我碰见的最棒的一棵。的机会而空手而归，尽管它并不是我碰见的最棒的一棵。这时，苏格拉底意味深长地说：这，就是婚姻。这时，苏格拉底意味深长地说：这，就是婚姻。还有一次，柏拉图问苏格拉底：什麽是幸福？还有一次，柏拉图问苏格拉底：什麽是幸福？苏格拉底说：我请你穿越这片田野，去摘一朵最美丽的花，但是有个规则：你不能苏格拉底说：我请你穿越这片田野，去摘一朵最美丽的花，但是有个规则：你不能走回头路，而且你只能摘一次。走回头路，而且你只能摘一次。於是柏拉图去做了。许久之后，他捧著一朵比较美丽的花回来了。於是柏拉图去做了。许久之后，他捧著一朵比较美丽的花回来了。苏格拉底问他：这就是最美丽的花了？苏格拉底问他：这就是最美丽的花了？柏拉图说道：当我穿越田野的时候，我看到了这朵美丽的花，我就摘下了它，并认柏拉图说道：当我穿越田野的时候，我看到了这朵美丽的花，我就摘下了它，并认定了它是最美丽的，而且，当我后来又看见很多很美丽的花的时候，我依然坚持著定了它是最美丽的，而且，当我后来又看见很多很美丽的花的时候，我依然坚持著我这朵最美的信念而不再动摇。所以我把最美丽的花摘来了。我这朵最美的信念而不再动摇。所以我把最美丽的花摘来了。这时，苏格拉底意味深长地说：这，就是幸福这时，苏格拉底意味深长地说：这，就是幸福 柏拉图又有一天又问老师苏格拉底：什么是外遇？柏拉图又有一天又问老师苏格拉底：什么是外遇？苏格拉底还是叫他到树林走一次苏格拉底还是叫他到树林走一次 可以来回走可以来回走 在途中要取一支最好看的花在途中要取一支最好看的花 柏拉图又充满信心地出去柏拉图又充满信心地出去 两个小时之后，他精神抖擞地带回了一支颜色艳丽但稍稍焉掉的花，两个小时之后，他精神抖擞地带回了一支颜色艳丽但稍稍焉掉的花，苏格拉底问他：苏格拉底问他：“这就是最好的花吗？这就是最好的花吗？”柏拉图回答老师：柏拉图回答老师：我找了两小时，发觉这是最盛开最美丽的花，但我采下带回来的路上，它就逐渐我找了两小时，发觉这是最盛开最美丽的花，但我采下带回来的路上，它就逐渐枯萎下来枯萎下来”这时，苏格拉底告诉他：这时，苏格拉底告诉他：“那就是外遇那就是外遇”ConclusionSocrateswasthemostcolorfulfigureintheSocrateswasthemostcolorfulfigureinthehistoryofancientphilosophy.Hisfamewashistoryofancientphilosophy.Hisfamewaswidespreadinhisowntime,andhisnamewidespreadinhisowntime,andhisnamesoonbecameahouseholdwordalthoughhesoonbecameahouseholdwordalthoughheprofessednoextraordinarywisdom,professednoextraordinarywisdom,constructednophilosophicalsystem,constructednophilosophicalsystem,establishednoschool,andfoundednosect.establishednoschool,andfoundednosect.HisinfluenceonthecourseofancientHisinfluenceonthecourseofancientphilosophy,throughPlato,theCynics,andlessphilosophy,throughPlato,theCynics,andlessdirectly,directly,AristotleAristotle,isincalculable,isincalculableSocratesistheancientGreekthinkerwholaidtheearlyfoundationsforWesternphilosophicalthought.Heisadevoteeofphilosophyandargument.HespentyearsinthepublicplacesofAthens,engaginghisfellowcitizensinphilosophicaldiscussionsandurgingthemtogreaterself-analysis.AndheistheteacherofPlato,bothofthemplayanimportantroleinhumanhistory.