口译教程一.ppt

Lecture One:Orientation Abby4/18/20241Teaching ObjectivesChallenging Interpreting:a course of interpreting skillsStudents undertaking this course:lA good knowledge of Chinese and EnglishlThe ability to understand and use spoken languagelUnderstanding the theory underlying the principles and practice of interpretinglProficient in the skills and techniques which are used byprofessional interpreterslConstant professional improvementYou will learn:how to sharpen your interpreting skills further how to expand your knowledge on your own how to behave professionally4/18/20242Course StructurenAn introduction to the definition,characteristics,modes and process of professional interpreting,and requirements for competent interpreters.n10 UnitsUnit 1 Getting the Message through listeningUnit 2 Extracting the GistUnit 3 Memory in InterpretingUnit 4 Public Speaking SkillsUnit 5 Note-taingUnit 6 Interpreting FiguresUnit 7 Discourse Analysis for InterpretingUnit 8 Reformulation SkillsUnit 9 Intercultural AnalysisUnit 10 Coping TacticsFor self-study4/18/20243Tentative SchedulenTime Allotment:1 semester(72 periods,4 periods every week)l2 periods for Orientationl2 periods for national holidaysl2 periods for quizzesl66 periods for 8 units,8 periods(2 weeks)for 1 unit(10 periods for Unit 5)4/18/20244Unit Structure-Unit 1 n一、技能讲解与训练 n1.技能概述 n2.听辨关键词 n2.1技能讲解 n2.2技能训练（1）关键词的选择 n2.3技能训练（2）关键词的精简n3.辨识逻辑关系 n3.1技能讲解 n3.2技能训练（3）逻辑的纵向分析 n3.3技能训练（4）逻辑的横向分析n二、口译练习 n1.质量要求 n2.译前准备 n2.1课前检索与阅读 n2.2课前检查 n3.对话口译 n从事旅游业 n4.篇章口译 n4.1 an introduction to an industrial village n4.2 being a traveler，not a tourist n4.3长城景区导游词 n4.4旅游论坛致辞 n三、日积月累 n四、译员须知 n礼仪常识4/18/20245Teaching Plans for Unit 1Listening for keywordsTheme:Identification and reduction of keywordsProcedures:.Theory and skills(40 min)1.Keyword identification2.Keyword reduction.Skills practice(40 min)1.2.2 Indentifying keywords2.2.3 Reducing keywords.Interpreting exercises(80 min)1.Dialogue interpreting:Working for a travel agency.Homework 4/18/20246Listening for logicTheme:Logical analysisProcedures:.Theory and skills(40 min)1.Vertical analysis of logic2.Horizontal analysis of logic.Skills practice(40 min)1.3.2 Vertical analysis of logic2.Horizontal analysis of logic.Interpreting exercises(80 min)1.E-C:4.1 An introduction to an industrial village2.C-E:4.3 An introduction to the Great Wall.Homework 4/18/20247An Overview of Interpreting 4/18/20248Contentn1.口译的定义n2.口译的历史n3.口译的分类n4.口译的特点n5.口译的标准n6.口译的方法n7.口译人员的素质4/18/202491.Definition(口译定义）n“口译是翻译的一种形式，指将一种语言所表述的内容用另一种语言即时准确地用口头表达出来。”nIt is defined as“oral translation of a written text”(Shuttleworth&Cowie 1997:83)nInterpreting is a service activity with a communication function.(Gule)It is a usually a face-to-face communication.nInterpret:来自拉丁语，表示 to explain。n广义：泛指对晦涩难解之语的理解诠释或是不同语言之间的传译。n狭义：指通过口头方式在不同语言之间实现意义转换和重新表达的跨语言跨文化的交际行为。4/18/2024102.Development(口译历史）n口译的历史与人类自身的历史一样源远流长。口译活动的出现远早于书面文字的产生。口译是最早出现的翻译类型，早于笔译。n西方古代早在公元前3000年前的古埃及法老（Pharaoh）统治时代就有了口译的记载。n中国在夏商时期就有了需要口译人员的活动。古代称口译者为“舌人”。4/18/2024112.Development(口译历史）时间表：n口译的职业化始于20世纪初。之前通用法语。n1919年：“巴黎和会”被认为是口译职业化的开端，会议使用法语和英语两种语言，有了交传译员。n1926年：IBM发明了同传设备，被认为是口译史上最重要的发明。n1945年：纽伦堡军事法庭审判，使用了英法德俄四种语言，会上大规模使用同声传译。n1947年：联合国采纳同传。n1971年：中国重返联合国，中国的口译活动增加。n改革开放之后：口译活动得到快速发展，多以交传为主。n20世纪90年代后期开始：中国的大型国际会议增多，同传活动也随之增多。4/18/2024123.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n1）根据时间工作模式，可分为交替传译和同声传译l交替传译：consecutive interpreting 简称CI也称连续口译/传译、即席口译/传译、逐步口译l（台湾用语）l 简称“交传”或“连传”l 讲话人说一段，译员翻译一段，然后循环往复、交替进行l 3分钟以上即可称为长交传l 交替传译常用于新闻发布会、外事会见、商务谈判、户外活动等4/18/2024133.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n1）根据时间工作模式，可分为交替传译和同声传译l同声传译：simultaneous interpreting 简称 SIl 又称同步口译、即时传译（港台用语）l 简称“同传”l 讲话人的“说”与译员的“译”几乎同时进行。l 同声传译可分为常规会议同传和耳语同传两种：l 常规会议同传：regular conference SIl 2-3人一组，在同传间/同传箱（booth）使用同传设备l 一般译员每20分钟轮换一次l 包括有稿同传和无稿同传两种形式l 耳语同传：whispered interpreting or chuchotagel 只有1-3人需要口译服务，无需同传设备4/18/2024143.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n2）根据空间工作模式，可分为现场口译和远程口译l现场口译：live interpreting 当事双方和译员同时在场l远程口译：remote interpreting 当事双方和译员不在一地：电话口译、远程视频口译等。4/18/2024153.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n3）根据活动场合和主题，可分为：n会议口译 conference interpretingn陪同口译 escort interpretingn外交口译 diplomatic interpretingn商务口译 business interpretingn媒体口译 media interpretingn社区口译 community interpretingn导游口译 guide interpretingn医学口译 medical interpreting国外有资格认证n法庭/法律口译 court/legal/judicial interpreting 国外有资格认证n法庭译员被称为宣誓译员 sworn interpreter4/18/2024163.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n4）根据活动的性质和正式程度，可分为会议口译和联络口译n n会议口译：conference interpretingn联络口译：liaison interpreting4/18/2024173.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n5）根据译语的流向，可分为单向口译和双向口译n n单向口译：one-way interpreting 译员只将A语译成B语n双向口译：two-way interpreting 译员要将A语言和B语进行交替互译n 4/18/2024183.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n6）根据源语到译语的直接性程度，可分为直接口译和接续口译n n直接口译：direct interpreting 直接将一种语言译成另一种语言n接续口译：relay interpreting 也叫接力口译，简称“接传”n 译员甲将讲话人的A语译成B语，再由译员乙将B语译成C语给听者4/18/2024193.Types of interpreting（口译分类）n7）其他口译形式：n n视译：sight interpretingn 交传：译员将现场文字用目的语口译给听者，常见于导游讲解n 同传：译员眼看讲话人发言稿或幻灯片，耳听发言人讲话，进行口译，常见于会议有稿同传n手语口译：sign language interpreting 在手语和口语间交替或同步翻译，主要为聋哑人服务n 4/18/2024204.Characteristics of Interpreting（口译的特点）n1）口译与笔译的异同：n l相同点：都需要将一种语言经过理解和重组用另一种语言表达出来；l 翻译者都必须精通两种语言、文化和转换技巧。4/18/2024214.Characteristics of Interpreting（口译的特点）n不同点：4/18/2024224/18/2024234.Characteristics of Interpreting（口译的特点）n2）口译的基本特点：nA.口译工作有时效性和即席性nB.口译工作有不可预测性和独立性nC.处理信息内容具有多元性和广泛性nD.使用语言口语化n 词汇：常用词、小词n 语音：单音节、少音节、略音、连读、韵律（prosodicness）n 句法：简单句、并列句、简洁的主从复合句n 语义：冗余（redundancy）、模糊（fuzziness）nE.译员技能的综合性：听、视、记、写、读、说、分析、决策、应变4/18/2024245.Criteria of Interpreting（口译的标准）翻译的标准：n中国：严复信达雅 鲁迅兼顾两面：力求易解，保存原作丰姿n 傅雷神似 钱钟书化境n国外：等值标准 等效标准口译的标准：准顺快n准：反映讲话的内涵意义、语用意义、感情色彩n注意选词用句的可接受性n传递信息量与讲话人信息量等值（完整）n语体风格相近n顺：通顺流畅，避免口头语、停顿过长n快：反应快、笔记快、翻译及时n不包括讲话语速快4/18/2024256.Reconstruction Principles（口译的方法）n直译 literal translationn顺译/顺句驱动 syntactic linearityn意译 free or liberal translation/paraphrasingn简译 simplificationn音译 transliterationn硬译/死译 word-for-word translationn零翻译 zero translationn不译 non-translation4/18/2024267.Qualifications of Interpreters（口译人员的素质）n三个基本功n1）扎实的双语知识 Solid foundation in bilingual knowledgen2）广博的非语言知识 Extensive extralinguistic knowledgen 百科知识 encyclopedic knowledge：n 常识性知识 common sense/general knowledgen 文化知识 cultural knowledgen 主题知识 subject/domain knowledgen 语境/情景知识 contextual/situational knowledgen 译员要成为：specialist+generalistn An interpreter should know something about everything and everything about something.n 译员要具备：快速学习新知识的能力4/18/2024277.Qualifications of Interpreters（口译人员的素质）n3）娴熟的口译技能 Unerring interpreting skills/techniquesn 听词取意 listening for sense“得意忘形”n 记忆 memorizationn 笔记 note-takingn 注意力分配 attention splitting“一心多用”n 公众演讲 public speakingn 语言转换 language transference：增译、省译、调整n 数字转换 interpreting figuresn 综述 summarizationn 应急处理 coping tacticsn 跨文化交际 cross-cultural communicationn 译前准备 advance preparationn n4）过硬的身体和心理素质 Sound physical and psychological qualityn n5)良好的职业道德 Fine ethics-based professional conduct4/18/2024287.Qualifications of Interpreters（口译人员的素质）n两个素养n4）过硬的身体和心理素质 Sound physical and psychological qualityn5)良好的职业道德 Fine ethics-based professional conduct4/18/2024294/18/202430厦大口译训练模式C（理解comprehension）R（表达 reconstruction）A（分析 analysis）S（技能 skill)4/18/2024311口译理解（Comprehension）nSL(原语语言知识):语音、词汇、句法和语篇知识nK(语言外知识):百科知识或狭义上的情境知识和专题知识4/18/2024322口译表达（Reconstruction）n目的语语言知识(TL)l译语表达要迅速：l交传译员：发言人话音刚落时即开始翻译停顿5秒钟l同传译员：滞后原语半句，否则将会影响现场的气氛和听众的情绪l表达时发音要清晰，音量、语速适中，面对听众沉着冷静，落落大方，并与之保持目光交流，要根据讲话人的语气、措词、风格等，采用相应的表达方式。nK(语言外知识):百科知识或狭义上的情境知识和专题知识4/18/2024333口译分析（Anaysis）n原语和目的语的话语和跨文化因素进行分析l译员通过对话语的分析，充分理解发言者要表达的本意，并在此基础上选择使用合适的词汇、语域、语气和语体，将其译成目的语l由于口译是一种跨文化交际行为，因此译员要有良好的跨文化交际意识n作用于理解阶段以帮助译员获得讲话人所传递的信息n作用于表达阶段以使译员将信息用听众所能接受的目的语表达出来。4/18/2024344口译技能（Skills）n口译理解技巧l听取信息l逻辑分析l口译记忆l口译笔记l口译理解中的应对技巧n口译表达技巧l公众演讲l数字转换l信息表达的忠实原则l信息转换技巧l口译表达中的应对技巧n口译分析技巧l话语分析l跨分化交际l语言能力的提高l语言外知识的习得l视译4/18/202435口译证书n我国现在有三大翻译等级考试n上海外语口译证书考试n全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试（CATTI）n全国外语翻译证书考试（NAETI）http:/ you read the novel prior to filming?lLi Bingbing:Sorry,I would like to say before I shoot the movie,I never know Nvshu or anything.After I read the script,I started to read the novel.lJ:So what was it like working with Wayne.lLi:Wayne?He is my.er.my lover.My favourite guy and we become very close and very good friends now.And I think he is very very polite and a truly gentleman.He likes to listen to people and he accepts.he is very open and he accepts any opinions that you want to discuss with them.And I think he is very confidence(confident).4/18/2024374/18/2024384/18/202439口译使用的语体n正式语体lExcellencies,distinguished officials,ladies and gentlemen,lGood morning!lI am Li Bingbing,goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Environment Program.I am pleased to be here today because,like many of you,I deeply care about climate change.And I am keen to see leaders take immediate and ambitious action.lCarbon emissions are at unprecedented levels.Human activity and consumer demand are causing so much devastation,including the illegal trade in wild life,another serious concern of mine.4/18/202440口译使用的语体n正式语体l各位阁下，尊敬的代表们，女生们、先生们，l早上好！l我是联合国环境规划署亲善大使李冰冰。今天我很高兴来到这里，因为我深深地关心气候变化议题；像你们一样，我亦希望看到各国领导人立刻采取雄心勃勃的行动。l二氧化碳排放量在今时今日达到了史无前例的水平。人类活动和过度消费需求带来了许多对环境的破坏，这其中还包括我关心的另一个议题，即非法野生动物贸易。4/18/202441全文lExcellencies,distinguished officials,ladies and gentlemen,l各位阁下，尊敬的代表们，女生们、先生们，lGood morning!l早上好！lI am Li Bingbing,goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Environment Program.I am pleased to be here today because,like many of you,I deeply care about climate change.And I am keen to see leaders take immediate and ambitious action.l我是联合国环境规划署亲善大使李冰冰。今天我很高兴来到这里，因为我深深地关心气候变化议题；像你们一样，我亦希望看到各国领导人立刻采取雄心勃勃的行动。lCarbon emissions are at unprecedented levels.Human activity and consumer demand are causing so much devastation,including the illegal trade in wild life,another serious concern of mine.l二氧化碳排放量在今时今日达到了史无前例的水平。人类活动和过度消费需求带来了许多对环境的破坏，这其中还包括我关心的另一个议题，即非法野生动物贸易。lHowever,I remain optimistic that this climate summit will be about action and solutions as we pursue our common goals of low carbon economy.We have an expression in Chinese,有志者事竟成.This means where there is a will,there is a way.l不过，我仍乐观地认为，这气候峰会将促进采取行动并为我们追求的共同目标之低碳经济提供解决方案。我们中国有句俗话：“有志者事竟成”！lYoung people around the world are so eager to see leaders take action on climate change and asking hard questions.The Why/Why not campaign of Climate Reality Project asked the young people to submit additional videos asking those questions for a chance to attend this summit.2,500 videos were submitted from more than 80 countries.The seven winners are here today.And the film you are about to see highlight some of their questions.l全世界的年轻人都迫切地看到领导人在气候变化问题上采取行动并且提出了他们的问题。“气候现状项目”的“为什么/为什么不”宣传活动邀请了年轻人提交视频发问他们所关心的问题。我们收到了来自80多个国家的2500个视频。今天，七位优胜者带着他们的微电影来到了气候峰会，与你一起分享他们的忧与思。lThank you for your kind attention.l感谢大家的关注！4/18/2024424/18/202443After-class WorknPlease read Section 1 carefully on Page 10 after class.4/18/2024444/18/202445