基于PXA270嵌入式开发板GPS定位系统的设计.docx

“嵌入式系统”课程结课设计（基于嵌入式ARM实验平台）基于PXA270嵌入式开发板GPS定位系统的设计目录1 系统概述.（2）2 系统硬件组成.（2）2.1 Intel XScale PXA270 处理器系统存储器接口（2）2.2 系统电源设计.（3）3 嵌入式系统软件设计（3）3.1 GPS模块输出的信息的提取.（3）3.2 坐标转换.（4）3.3 电子地图重构.（5）4 仿真测试.（6）5 结束语.（6）GPS具有性能好、精度高、应用广的特点，是迄今为止应用最广泛的导航定位系统。将GPS与嵌入式技术融合在一起，形成一个嵌入式的地理平台，是当前GPS领域的一个重要趋势。本文是在PXA270嵌入式开发板和GPS模块上开发实现的。在Linux下的嵌入式开发环境中，利用C+设计完成定位。嵌入式系统利用软件设计主要完成GPS定位信号的处理、电子地图的移植、地球坐标的转换、定位的显示等功能。1 系统概述 嵌入式系统是控制、监视或者辅助装置、机器和设备运行装置；是软件和硬件的综合体，可涵盖机械等附属装置；有着友好的人机界面，支持LCD及GPS模块；主要完成提取GPS定位信号的数据、坐标转换、电子地图的显示等功能。软件设计流程如图1所示。2 系统硬件组成整个系统以PXA270处理器为核心，以音频输入输出接口，红外接口，10/100M自适应以太网口，触摸屏接口等为外围接口，通过宽温高亮度LCD实现视频输出。系统框图如图1所示。2.1 Intel XScale PXA270处理器的系统存储器接口Intel XSclae PXA270处理器集成了存储单元控制器，其外部的存储总线接口支持：SDRAM、FLASH、ROM、SRAM、PC卡等。2.1.1 SDRAM电路的设计SDRAM选用Hynix的HY57V561620C，其组织形式为4 Banks x 4M x 16Bit，单片容量为32MB，采用3.30.3V单电源供电，封装形式为标准54引脚TSOP-II，属于16位的数据总线宽度，选用两片并联的方式，使SDRAM的总线宽度达到32位。两片SDRAM的32条数据线分别连到PXA270的高16位地址和低16位地址上。HY57V561620C的时钟频率分了100MHz166MHz四个档，这里选用133MHz这一档的芯片。2.1.2 FLASH电路的设计嵌入式应用程序一般直接存在板子上的Flash芯片中，根据应用的不同可选用不同容量和速度的芯片，在这里选用的是Intel的同步FLASH 28F256L18，单片容量为32MB，采用1.8V 单电源供电，封装形式为标准79脚的VF BGA，选用两片并联的方式，使FLASH的总线宽度达到32位。两片FLASH的32条数据线分别连到PXA270的高16位地址和低16位地址上。2.2 系统电源设计系统采用TPS65020为PXA270供电，此解决方案除了高效率之外还可以提供业界最佳的瞬态响应，且不会影响静态电源电流和效率，是便携设备处理器电源的理想解决方案。2.2.1 TPS65020芯片简介TPS65020是德州仪器推出的一款电源转换芯片，该器件可以满足基于XScale的多媒体设备的电源需要。TPS65020电源管理单元集成了高性能模拟构建块，可帮助由单节锂离子(Li-ion)电池供电的应用支持多种电压。该器件带有三个具备集成FET的同步降压DC/DC转换器、三个线性稳压器(LDO)以及一个I2C通信接口，可实现全面的可编程性与内核电压的动态缩放。 2.2.2 TPS65020供电原理TPS65020包含的三个同步降压转换器在大负载电流时，一般运行在1.5MHZ固定频率的脉宽调制。在轻负载电流时，转换器自动进入电源省电模式，并运行在脉冲频率调制。VDCDC1转换器能传送1.2A的输出电流，VDCDC2转换器能传送1A的电流，VDCDC3转换器能传送800mA的电流。三个转换器的输出电压是由DEFDCDC1，DEFDCDC2，DEFDCDC3三个管脚分别来设置。本设计中将DEFDCDC1,DEFDCDC2,DEFDCDC3一并连接到VCC上，所以，VDCDC1,VDCDC2,VDCDC3的电压分别为3.3V，2.5V，和1.55V。LDO1默认设置电压是1.3V，LDO2默认设置电压是1.1V。它们分别为PXA270处理器的VCC-PLL和VCC-SRAM管脚提供电压。3 嵌入式系统软件设计31 GPS模块输出的信息的提取 GPS模块通电后，会自动搜索卫星信号，并把计算数据从串口输出。所有GPS接收机以通用的NMEA格式输出数据。NMEA-0183协议定义的语句较多，但常用且兼容性较广的语句只有：$GPGGA、$GPGSA、$GPGSV、$GPRMC、$GPVTG、$GPGLL等。如图2所示。用串口连接宿主机与开发板的串口0。宿主机进入Linux，打开Minicom终端。设置波特率115 200，8位数据，1位停止，无校验，无流控。串口的设备文件为devttyS*，其中，ttyS0为串口1，ttyS1为串口2，以此类推。在对串口通信之前，首先要对串口参数进行初始化、设置它的属性以保证通信双方的通信参数保持一致。初始化完串口，就可以进行读取操作了。由于GPS发送的数据类型都是以&GPGGA符号开头，所以检测&GPGGA符号，进而进行下一步的处理。关键代码如下：32 坐标转换 GPS模块输出的地理坐标是WGS-84坐标系。而国内地图一般是以54北京坐标系作高斯-克吕格平面投影。所以必须作一个坐标转换，即将GPS坐标(WGS-84坐标系)转换到电子地图坐标(54北京坐标系)。坐标转换的具体步骤如下：(1)空间直角坐标转换成国家大地坐标，国家大地坐标转换成地图平面坐标。 (2)由于x，y的具体推算过程复杂，这里就不全部列举，其结果如下 (3)地图平面坐标转换成屏幕坐标。例地图比例尺为1：k，窗口要显示的区域长、宽各为M和N，窗口像素点位AB点，则定位数据xs，ys在窗口上坐标分别为 33 电子地图重构 一般来说，电子地图包含的数据格式都不能直接用在嵌入式平台，所以需要对电子地图的数据进行提取、存储、重构。目前主要使用的是桌面电子地图系统MapInfo，它是美国MapInfo公司的桌面地理信息系统软件，具有数据可视化、信息地图化的桌面解决方案。MapInfo数据格式主要分为tab和mif两种格式。MIF格式是MapInfo公司提供的一种与外界交换数据的机制。它主要用于保存空间对象的几何数据。将电子地图的数据读出后，再在嵌入式平台下，用绘图工具重新组成电子地图即可。部分实现代码如下4.仿真测试 点测试、线测试、面测试如图3所示。5.结束语 整个测距定位系统在PXA270嵌入式开发系统下完成，工程系统庞大，整个系统基本功能已实现。由于本系统软硬件平台有较强的升级能力，许多指标与功能可以进一步完善与提高。从GPS定位数据到电子地图数据的转换，需要一系列复杂的算法，这些算法有待进一步改进和简化，以提高系统运行效率和数据准确性。参考文献1 魏雄，王仁波，林刚勇，付萍基于PXA255的嵌入式系统的设计与实现J计算机工程与设计，2005，9：2420-2450。2 周志敏，周纪海开关电源软启动电路的设计与应用J电源世界，2004，12：29-45。3 孔祥洪，李新慧，孙玉强嵌入式系统中触摸屏交互功能模块设计J微计算机信息，2006，12：15-17。4 傅曦，陈黎，董磊，石卫华Windows CE 嵌入式开发入门基于XScale 架构M人民邮电出版社，2006，99-127。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the