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Principles-of-Flight(ppt文档).ppt

1、PRINCIPLESOFFLIGHTObjectivesAirfoildesigncharacteristicsFourforcesinflightWingtipvorticesandprecautionstobetakenLoadfactorsinairplanedesignAirplanestabilityandcontrollabilityAirfoildesigncharacteristicsWingisalowdragdeviceshapedtogetapositivepressureliftingactionfrombelowandanegativepressureliftinga

2、ctionfromaboveDragonahandorcarAirfoildesigncharacteristicsAirmoleculesarestationaryandweremovingthroughitTwoneighbormoleculeswanttoendupnexttoeachotheratthetrailingedgeofthewingTheongoingoverthetophastomovefasterBernoullisprincipleWhenafluidsvelocityincreases,pressuredecreasesWingisbasicallyhalfofav

3、enturiLowpressureabovethewing,highpressurebelowAirfoildesigncharacteristicsChordlinerunsfromtheleadingedgetothetrailingedgeAngleofattackCamberisthecurvatureofthewingGenerally,theupperhalfismorecurvedthanthelowerCamberlineiswherealldistancesoneithersideofthelineareequalFourforcesinflightThrustLiftDra

4、gWeightThesumofallupwardforcesequalsthesumofalldownwardforcesThesumofallforwardforcesequalsthesumofallrearwardforcesThrustForwardforceproducedbythepowerplantandpropellerThrustmustbeexertedinorderfortheairplanetomoveThrustTomaintainaconstantairspeed,thrustanddragmustbeequalIfinlevelflight,theenginepo

5、werisreduced,thrustdecreasesandtheairplaneslowsdownIfthrustislessthandragtheairplanewilldecelerateuntilitsairspeedisinsufficienttosupportitThrustIfinlevelflight,theenginepowerisincreasedthenthrustincreasesandairspeedincreasesAslongasthrustisgreaterthandrag,theairplanewillaccelerateThrustandAOAStraig

6、htandlevelflightcanbesustainedatspeedsfromveryfasttoveryslowMustcoordinateangleofattackandthrustinordertoholdlevelWhenairspeedislow,whatmustwedowithourangleofattacktomaintainlevelflight?IncreaseangleofattackWhy?ThrustandAOAWhenairspeedislow,AOAmustberelativelyhightoincreaseliftIfthrustdecreasesandai

7、rspeeddecreases,liftbecomeslessthanweightandtheairplanedescendsDuringstraightandlevelflight,ifthrustisincreased,whatmustwedotoourAOA?DecreaseitIfweincreasethrustwithoutdecreasingAOA,theairplanewillclimbMustdecreaseAOAtokeepliftequaltoweightWeightThecombinedloadoftheairplaneitself,thecrew,fuel,andcar

8、goorbaggageWeightpullstheaircraftdownwardbecauseofgravityOpposesliftandactsverticallydownwardthroughtheairplanescenterofgravityWeightIfinstabilizedlevelflight,whenliftisequaltoweight,theairplanewontgainorlosealtitudeIfliftbecomeslessthanweight,theairplanelosesaltitudeIfliftisgreaterthanweight,theair

9、planegainsaltitudeLiftProducedbytheeffectoftheairactingonthewingOpposesthedownwardforceofweightL=1/2V2CLSWhichofthesevariablescanwechange?AngleofattackAirspeedLiftAnytimeyoumovethecontrolcolumnforeoraft,theangleofattackchangesAsangleofattackincreases,liftincreaseswithallotherfactorsbeingequalProport

10、ionaltothesquareoftheairplanesspeedAnairplanetravelingat200knotshas4timestheliftasthesameairplanegoing100knotsiftheangleofattackandotherfactorsremainconstantLiftPlanecantstayataconstantaltitudeandkeepthesameangleofattackifspeedisincreasedLiftwouldincreaseandtheplanewouldclimbTomaintainthebalanceofli

11、ftandweightifspeedisincreased,whatmustwedo?DecreaseangleofattackForeveryangleofattack,theresacorrespondingindicatedairspeedrequiredtomaintainunacceleratedflightDragArearwardforcecausedbydisruptionofairflowbythewing,fuselage,andotherprotrudingobjectsOpposesthrustWhatkindsofdragdowehave?InducedParasit

12、eTotaldrag=induceddrag+parasitedragParasitedragFormdragBasedonthesizeandshapeoftheplane,howwellstreamlinedandamountoffrontalareaParasitedragSkinfrictiondragCausedbyfrictionbetweenafluidandthebodyofthesurfacemovingthroughitParasitedragInterferencedragWhenairflowarounddifferentpartsoftheplaneinteractw

13、itheachotherInduceddragResultofcreatingliftWingtipvorticeswashoverthewingeffectivelybendstheliftvectorbackwardsInduceddragDecreaseswithairspeedThelowertheairspeed,thehigherAOAneededtoproduceliftHighAOAmeanslotsofliftBigpressuredifferentialBigwingtipvorticesLotsofdragWingtipvorticesSpanwiseflowHighpr

14、essureairhitsthebottomofthewingandmovesouttothetipLowerpressureattherootduetohighAOAAirgoesfromhigherlowpressuretolowerlowpressureHighpressuretriestogotolowwhichresultsinwingtipvorticesandthepathofleastresistanceisthewingtipInordertocreatelowerpressureandliftontopofthewing,itneedstobeatahigherangleo

15、fattackCausesagreaterpressuredifferentialandstrongerwingtipvorticesPlanehastheworstwingtipvorticeswhenitsheavy,clean,andslowWhendoesthisoccur?Whyheavy,clean,andslow?AvoidingwingtipvorticesTakeoffbeforetheplaneinfrontofyouandclimboutonasteeperpathLandaftertheplaneinfrontofyouandcomeinonahigherglidepa

16、thVorticessinksoavoidthemAlightquarteringtailwindwillkeepvorticesonarunwaysobecarefulifthisconditionexistsWhatelsecanwedotoreducewingtipvortices?WingletsInterruptwingtipvorticesCanincreasefuelefficiencyathighspeedsby16-26%InduceddragGroundeffectReduceddownwashmeanslessinduceddragCanflyatalowerAOAbec

17、auseverticalcomponentofliftmovesforwardLiftincreasesGroundeffectWhentheairplaneisneartheground,wegetwhatiscalled“groundeffect”Grounddisruptswingtipvortices whichreducesdownwashGroundeffectFeelslikeacushionofairYoullnoticegroundeffectwhentheairplaneiswithinonewingspanofthegroundLoadfactorsinairplaned

18、esignLoadfactoristheratioofthetotalloadactionontheairplanetothegrossweightoftheairplaneAloadfactorof3meansthetotalloadontheplanesstructureisthreetimesitsgrossweightManeuveringspeedMaximumspeedwherefull,abruptcontrolmovementinthepitchaxiswillresultinanaerodynamicstalloftheaircraftpriortoexceedingthed

19、esignloadlimitVA2=VAW2/W1VA2=Maneuveringspeed(atthisweight)At2550lbs,VAis105knotsWhatisVAat2300lbs?99knotsLoadfactorincreaseswithbankangleAsweturn,liftgetssplitinto2components:verticalandhorizontalInordertomaintainaltitude,wemustkeeptheverticalcomponentofliftthesameasitwasinstraightandlevelflightHow

20、dowedothis?EqualandoppositereactionLoadfactorincreaseswithbankangleAirplanestabilityandcontrollabilityControllabilityThecapabilityofanairplanetorespondtothepilotsinputStabilityTheinherentqualityofanairplanetocorrectforconditionsthatdisturbitsequilibriumThetendencytoreturntoequilibrium2kindsofstabili

21、tyStaticDynamicStaticstabilityTheinitialtendencytheairplanedisplaysafteritsequilibriumisdisturbedStaticstabilityPositivestaticstabilityThetendencytoreturntotheoriginalstateofequilibriumNeutralstaticstabilityThetendencytocontinueinthenewconditionafterbeingdisturbedNegativestaticstabilityThetendencyto

22、continueawayfromequilibriumafterbeingdisturbedDynamicstabilityTheoveralltendencyofanairplaneafterbeingtakenoutofequilibriumAssumeallexampleshavepositivestaticstabilityPlanewillattempttoreturntoequilibriumDynamicstabilityPositivedynamicstabilitywillcausetheplanetopitchupthendowninanattempttoreturntoequilibriumwithsteadilydecreasingoscillationsNeutraldynamicstabilitywillcausetheplanetopitchupanddowntoattempttoreturntoequilibriumbutoscillationswillneverchangeNegativedynamicstabilityiswhenthesizeoftheoscillationsincreasesandtheplanemovesfartherfromequilibriumQuestions?