工程管理专业毕业设计中英文翻译.doc

工程造价管理前言：项目施工阶段实施单位建筑成本管理来控制项目成本，在项目中是合理的，以此来满足假定的的质量目标，在投资决定阶段和项目设计阶段把项目的通过决议发生在可控范围之内，力求在各种建设项目中合理利用人力、材料、资金资源来实现良好的投资回报和社会效益。 项目成本控制和管理是一个动态的过程。动态的市场经济,使投资在确定与控制变得更为复杂,这将要求施工单位对工程造价管理的项目贯穿整个过程中,它必须有一个全面的焦点。执行阶段的项目。实施阶段的工程造价管理是实施全过程项目管理。项目实施阶段的工程造价管理可分为三个部分：投标管理、施工管理和结算管理。 1 招标施工阶段的施工单位招标制度控制工程造价的有效手段,申办组织,可以提高成本效益的工程,并确保工程质量, 缩短建设周期,投资回报, 施工单位可充分利用招标的手段,有效控制成本。 施工编号10月7部令发布了“合同与施工合同定价管理” 明确指出,在工程招标使用库存。这就要求建设单位进行招标, 在招标文件中,不仅包括通常的内容如债券投标前附表,招标债券合同的条件、合同协议条款、合同格式、技术规格、图纸、招标文件及其他参考格式,还必须提供工程清单招标作为参考文件的重要组成部分。 建设单位在招标文件中的工程量清单, 按照国家或地方颁布的规则的计算方法,统一的项目划分, 统一计量单位,统一的工程计算规则按设计图纸加以计算和统计安排,取得名单。 数量应遵循的筹备工作客观,公正,科学,合理的原则。编写者必须有一定的知识的工程设计和施工经验, 以及材料与机械施工技术全面的科学知识,为了计算容积的工程无重大遗漏。此基础上,必须符合国家规定的工程计算规则与分包工程处工程单位,并按照设计图纸,设计必不可少的爱情招标文件规定计算量的项目应该有一个综合测试,作品必须简单,虽然不露出现错误定价项目,要保证正确的工程。应该要求的不同等级分开工程部,情况则有所不同, 我们可能有不同的价格,为项目分开。这就要求编写清单编制人员,认真研究设计图纸, 分析招标文件中包括的工作内容及不同的技术要求, 大家熟悉的过程,并到现场认真调查,预计,以使施工的情况下,会对价格项目得以打破。此外, 因为项目清单计算数额的项目是不完整的工程,并考虑利益施工单位,显然付出代价相同的总体价格 该工程量清单的数量,实际建设是一个具有实际意义。 在评价和审查的投标应做的单位,个人总报价和综合评估价格不符合要求的个体显示物价符合要求, 与最低总价不能解释单一,价低。投标人往往知道总成本,以维持相同的情况下, 该计划很可能会改变较小的项目,以降低价格。变化可能较大项目的价格上升,以达到竣工结算工程,将增加为目的。我们也做价格和相应数量的工程技术综合评估的大批量项目注重价格分析。价格会做与工作内容,施工计划,是一个全面的技术评价过程中, 因而倾向于选择施工单位。建设施工阶段的合同成本控制基础。签订严密的施工合同,同时加强施工合同管理,可以保证合同价是合理的, 合法性,减少履行合同的纠纷,维护双方利益的合同,有效地控制了工程投资费用。 在签约前,做好管理合同文件, 合同及补充合同协议。工作往来等单一内容提出了延长合同,并解释完整必须得到维护, 除了建立了技术档案,执行合同的动态分析分析结果采取积极主动的措施。 2施工阶段施工阶段的施工方案,是基于预算或建安工程合同价的目标,控制工程造价。现阶段养护余地小,但可能性是浪费很大。从而控制成本的项目给予足够的重视。 2.1 建筑计划加强技术经济比较施工方案是施工组织设计进行了重新的工作内容,合理的施工方案,缩短建设工期,确保三峡工程质量, 提高经济效率,施工方案正确,从技术和经济评价进行了比较, 通过定性和定量分析,质量,时间,成本三项技术和经济指标,是理智的, 并有效地使用人力,物力和财力,取得较好的经济效益,良好的施工管理人员之间的关系, 全面成本管理是一个重要途径。 2.2 严格涉及更改项目预算控制在概算内施工造成的变化,原因有很多,包括工程设计不良,使工程合同与图纸不符规定；当前市场供应的材料不符合标准规格的设计要求。这些问题已离开初级工程造价的因素。因此,在施工过程中,我们必须加紧海关变化通过任何更改设计,扩大建设规模,提高设计标准,增加建设内容, 最好实行“分级控制,限额签证”制度。有权变更设计,尤其是涉及到成本的设计变更,必须经设计单位, 建设单位现场代表,监理工程师共同签字,并应提前这种变化,减少损失, 因为已完成或部分完成的项目将进行拆除工作的内容, 这势必造成重大变更损失。因此,建设单位应指派工程造价管理专业人员常驻施工现场,掌握在任何时候控制工程造价的变化。 2.3 工程现场签证手续通过严格控制建设项目的监督制度, 建立专门的部门, 专业人员使用的专业项目管理,以避免项目管理人员只是签证不是经济帐的现象。投资失控造成严重后果，严重改变签证程序,要采取建设,监理方、工地代表共同签名的方式,以确保变更,签证的真实性,合法性, 经济和避免欺诈的现象,由此产生的纠纷。 在施工过程中,建设单位要加强现场施工管理, 督促施工方按图施工,严格控制变更的谈判,代用材料, 现场签证,以及各种预算外额外劳动力成本的必要修改,应做一次后发生变化的及时变化,计算的工作量和费用的情况发生了巨大变化,以把握在任何时候项目的费用水平,以避免积压的工作,真正的工程造价。 施工单位代表到现场监督,做好记录,特别是隐蔽记录和签证, 减少结算及格现象。不少工程现场签证是没有这么严重,给工程带来了非常大的麻烦, 导致相当大的经济损失, 现场签证的严格管理,施工阶段的工程成本控制的关键。 2.4 工程量清单,严格审查对项目的审查清单监理工程师名单的措施来控制工程。工程量清单提供的措施清单,是为了完成建设项目, 发生在施工前和工程施工过程中技术,生活,安全等方面的非工程实体。在这个阶段,因为许多项目都是在施工图及施工现场不完善的招标等到施工招标的工程设计和现场实况,有更好的机会。监理工程师地址收集第一手资料,逐项考核鉴定,不作修改。 2.5 控制材料消耗,合理确定材料价格工程造价控制材料价格的控制是主要的, 材料费在工程中往往占有很大的比重,一般占预算费用的70% 。占直接成本的80%。有必要在施工阶段严格按照合同金额材料控制, 材料订定合理价格,以有效地控制工程造价。市场经济物资供应各种渠道,品种及价格范围的材料, 施工单位预算管理和外勤人员应密切注意市场行情 随着工程进度的现场,市场, 另一方面,在信息化建设和物资竣工决算提供了有力依据。 2.6 科技与经济一体化,加强投资控制有效地控制了投资,从组织,技术,经济,合同,并采取其他措施。因此,施工单位必须加强管理工程和技术人员的“经济”的理念、教育质量, 培养务实的工作作风,施工方以帮助改善建筑设计,合理的安全,财政和物质资源。加快工作进度,提高工程质量。施工遇到问题,及时与设计师联系,选择既经济和科学潜力的解决方案, 克服所造成的浪费指挥,给予应有的重视投资保护, 负责工程技术相结合的经济官员,从招标,合同谈判, 成本预算,签订支付工程进度的竣工决算,成本分析, 整个过程管理,严格控制工程造价。 2.7 做好结算价格的评估完成项目竣工结算施工企业按照与合同规定的内容完成,由承办单位, 经验收质量标准,并符合合同要求, 对建设单位,最后结算价的工程。竣工后的结算审核批准建设项目工程造价的基础。 结算完成第一阶段的工程造价控制。一段很长的时间,完成了施工图纸结算预算,是成本管理的问题得以解决。因此,审计工作的完成解决是一项非常重要的工作,应着重做好以下几个方面的工作：1）审计的准确输出。这个项目的竣工审计决算审计中,最重要和最复杂的, 其中最细致的工作,要计划完成的项目, 更改设计和施工工地为基础, 固定的,严格按照规定的工程计算规则逐项审核, 为防止建设工程竣工结算故意夸大产量,以增加项目的成本。 2）检查正确性。审查中列出的价格与固定价格一致,其名称、规格、计量单位,其内容与单位估价表的价格换算。3）审查费标准与固定成本施工期间及工程造价的政策。 3 结论：总之,工程造价控制是一个全过程控制, 应该说,每个环节都不能自满,而且每一个环节也很重要。随着中国加入世贸组织,是中国的投资主体多元化,投资方对降低成本,控制成本, 提高投资效益日益重视。因此,改变原有工程造价估算，概算，预算，合同价格，结算价，决算完成搬迁的。缺乏连续性的情况下, 以完善的控制水平，发展控制系统的投资项目, 投资建设项目,可以促进我国社会主义市场经济发展,适应全球经济一体化进程。 Construction Cost ManagementPreface：Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise, in the investment decision-making stage, the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits, strive in various construction projects rational use of human, material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits. The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy, to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex, this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process, it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The construction management is the implementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management, construction management and settlement management. 1 bid organization system of biding and construction phaseBidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means, bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects, shortening the construction cycle and return on the investment, construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control. Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management. clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise, in the tender document to include not only the usual content, like tender notes before schedule, tender notes, the conditions of the contract, the contract terms of the agreement, contract format, technical specifications, drawings, tender documents and other reference format, it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory, Bidding as a reference document of the important components. Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory, in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects, unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules, according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged, obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective, impartial, scientific, and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget, and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience, and the material and mechanical construction technology for comprehensive scientific knowledge, in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules, and the sub-projects division engineering units, and in accordance with design drawings, design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated. Quantities of the project should have a testing general, the entries must be simple, while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division, the situation was different; we may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers, seriously study design drawings, Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements, all familiar with the process, and to the scene of serious investigation, is forecast to make possible the construction of the case, right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition, because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units, clearly paying the price for the same overall price, the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms. In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements, and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price. Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineering assessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work, construction program, a comprehensive technical evaluation process, thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract, while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable, legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A, B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract, effective control of the works investment costs. After the signing of the contract, to do the management contract documentation, contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved, in addition to establishing a technical files, Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis, results of the analysis to take proactive measures. 2 construction phaseConstruction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target, Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small, but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention. 2.1 building planConstruction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work, a reasonable construction plan, shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project, improving economic efficiency, Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the quality, time, Cost three technical and economic indicators, be rational, and effective use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieve better economic efficiency, good construction management relations, a comprehensive cost management is an important way. 2.2 Strictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget Construction of the changes caused by many reasons, including works poorly designed, so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; the current market supply of materials do not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore, in the construction process, we must tighten customs change, through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents, the best implementation of the grade control, visa quota system. Right to change the design, particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units, construction units scene representatives, supervision engineers common signature, and should be ahead of this type of change, reduce losses, because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents, it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore, the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site, to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes. 2.3 Works on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system, the establishment of specialized departments, Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas, not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building, Supervisor, the construction site together representatives signed the way to ensure that change, visa authenticity, legitimacy, economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction, the construction units to enhance on-site construction management, supervision and construction side according to the drawings, and strictly control the change of the negotiations, materials substitution, the scene visas, and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards, after money, Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level, things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project. Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record, particularly concealed records and visas, reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious, works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble, lead to considerable economic losses, the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key. 2.4 Of project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories, Engineers monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects, occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology, life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original, itemized checking identification, inconsistent make revisions. 2.5 Control material consumption, rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main, the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion, usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%, representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices, so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels, variety and price range materials,