非谓语动词讲解.doc

英语非谓语动词讲解及练习
非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式，即：
doing  , done ,  to do  ,  doing 。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式，如：
  现在分词  doing : 有being done（被动式） ; having done （完成式）; having been do
ne （完成被动式）
   不定式    to do : 有to be done （被动式）; to have done （完成式）; to be doing（进行式）
   动名词    doing : 有having done（完成式）; being done（被动式） ;
   非谓语动词的特点： 三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征：分词具有形容词和副词的特征；动名词具有名词的特征；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲：分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等；不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。
   下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解：
一、动词不定式
先看几个例句，判断不定式在句中的成分。
1．To learn a foreign language is difficult .
2． His wish is to be a driver .
3．Tom wanted to have a cup of beer .
4．The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
5．I have nothing to say .
6．They went to see their aunt .
7．It’s easy to see their aunt.
8．I don’t know what to do next .
9．I heard them make a noise .
说明：1．动词不定式作主语, 2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4．动词不定式作宾语补足语，5．动词不定式作定语,6．动词不定式作目的状语,7．动词不定式作真正主语，it 代替动词不定式，作形式主语。8．带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9．不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
  掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：
1． “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。
     agree to  object to  close to  , come to  , lead to  , refer to  ,
equal to , familiar to , point to   thank to , devote to  , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
2． 带to 还是不带to
  I have no choice but to give in
  I cannot do anything but give in
  I  saw him enter the classroom .
  （ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）
3． 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
  It’s necessary for you to study hard .
  It’s foolish of him to do it .
   与of 连用的形容词有：
good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible
4．后接不定式作宾语的动词有：
want , hope , wish , like  , begin , try  , need , forget , agree  , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange  , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask  , mean , choose , expect   etc.
需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .
5．不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to 。
want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to  , love to , have  to , o
ught to , need to  , used to  , be able to
6．不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：
1）动宾关系：
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2）主谓关系：
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to  post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now      逻辑主语不是I )
7．不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：
  1） 原因
   He is lucky to get here on time .
   这种结构中常用的形容词有：
  happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry  surprised  , frightened  , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy
   2)  目的
    He came to help me with my maths .
   3)  结果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作补足语
  I saw him  play in the street just now .
能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有：
    see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have  make, observe, notice
注: 当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to , 如：
   He  was seen to play  in the street just now.
二．动名词
Learning English is very  difficult .
学英语非常困难。
His job is driving a bus .
他的工作是开车。
I enjoy dancing .
我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country .
我已经习惯了住农村。
Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep .
吃点安眠药，你很快就会入睡。
注意以下几种结构：
1．There’s no telling what will happen .
=It’s  impossible to tell what will happen .
= No one can tell what will happen .
2．It’s no use talking with him .
It’s no good speaking to them like that .
3．There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:
   trouble , problem  , fun  , pleasure  , a good time  , a hard time
注意以下几个问题：
1．下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，
forget to do … 忘记要做某事
forget doing…  忘记做了某事
remember to do…记住要做某事
remember doing …记着做了某事
mean to do …   有意要做某事
mean doing …     意味着做了某事
regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔
regret  doing … 对做过去的事后悔
can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do …     尽力去做某事
try doing         试着做某事
learn to do …   学着去做某事
learn doing …    学会做某事
stop to do …     停下来去做（另一件事）
stop doing …     停止做某事
go on to do …     接着做（另外一件事）
go on doing …     继续做某事
used to do …    过去做某事
be used to doing … 习惯做某事
2．动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别
动名词作定语表达    n+ for doing  的含义
现在分词作定语表达   n+which(who) be doing的含义
如：a sleeping car  = a car for sleeping
a running horse  = a horse which is running
前者是动名词 ， 后者是现在分词
又如： drinking water  , walking stick  running water , sleeping boy
3． 动名词的逻辑主语：
动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。
例如：His coming made us very happy .
4．动名词的语态和时态
5． 动名词主动形式表被动的情况：
   need doing   , want doing   , require doing This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。
6．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：
  admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy  , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require ,  suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,

三． 分词
1 The  story is interesting . I’m interested in it .
  这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。
2 . This is a moving film .
     这是一部动人的电影。
3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president .
    秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。
4. Given more time , I’ll do it well .
   如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。
When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank .
当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。
  应注意的几个问题：
1．现在分词与过去分词的区别
Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?
= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.
China is a developing country  and America is a developed country.
2．分词作表语
The news sounds encouraging .
They got very excited .
1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：
The news is  interesting .
  He is interested in the news .
doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系  ；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。
2）表语与被动式的区别：
The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（强调动作）
The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.（强调状态）
3）常作表语的过去分词：
amused , injured , covered , known , dressed  , lost  , broken , gone delighted, excited  , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank  , done
3．现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别
The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)
The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)
My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)
能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。
例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .
        What is your job ?      My job is looking after the little baby .
4．注意的四种结构：
have something to do  有某事要做
have something done   使某事被做
have somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing   让某事一直做着
5． 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：
seat , prepare , hide , dress
如：I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .
6．分词做状语与不定式的区别：
分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、 条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。
Having  finished the homework I went home . （ 时间）
Being a Party member , I should work hard .    （原因）
Given more time ,I can do my work better .       （ 条件 ）
He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the  boy. （ 伴随）
To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )
He is old enough to join the army .  （ 结果）
7．分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
  a running horse  现在分词 = a horse that is running
  a fallen leaf    过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen
  a walking stick  动名词   = a stick for walking
  something to do  不定式   = something that I should do
8．不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：
I have a problem to be discussed  at the meeting .  ( 将来)
The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . （正在进行