非谓语动词讲解.doc

英语非谓语动词讲解及练习非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式，即：doing, done ,to do,doing 。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式，如：现在分词doing : 有being done（被动式） ; having done （完成式）; having been done （完成被动式） 不定式 to do : 有to be done （被动式）; to have done （完成式）; to be doing（进行式） 动名词 doing : 有having done（完成式）; being done（被动式） ; 非谓语动词的特点： 三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征：分词具有形容词和副词的特征；动名词具有名词的特征；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲：分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等；不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。 下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解：一、动词不定式先看几个例句，判断不定式在句中的成分。1To learn a foreign language is difficult .2 His wish is to be a driver . 3Tom wanted to have a cup of beer . 4The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 5I have nothing to say . 6They went to see their aunt . 7Its easy to see their aunt.8I dont know what to do next .9I heard them make a noise .说明：1动词不定式作主语, 2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4动词不定式作宾语补足语，5动词不定式作定语,6动词不定式作目的状语,7动词不定式作真正主语，it 代替动词不定式，作形式主语。8带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：1 “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。 agree toobject toclose to, come to, lead to, refer to, equal to , familiar to , point to, thank to , devote to, next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 2 带to 还是不带to I have no choice but to give in I cannot do anything but give in Isaw him enter the classroom .（ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）3 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .Its necessary for you to study hard . Its foolish of him to do it . 与of 连用的形容词有：good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible 4后接不定式作宾语的动词有：want , hope , wish , like, begin , try, need , forget , agree, know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange, dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask, mean , choose , expect etc.需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .5不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to 。want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to, love to , haveto , ought to , need to, used to, be able to 6不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：1）动宾关系：He has a lot of meeting to attend . Please lend me something to write with . He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in .He has no money and no place to live ( in ) . I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot . There is no time to think ( about ) . 2）主谓关系：She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . -Im going to the post office , for I have a letter topost . ( 逻辑主语是I )-Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now 逻辑主语不是I )7不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：1） 原因 He is lucky to get here on time . 这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angrysurprised, frightened, disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy 2)目的 He came to help me with my maths . 3)结果I hurried to get there only to find him out . The book is too hard for the boy to read .He is old enough to go to school . 8 . 不定式作补足语I saw himplay in the street just now . 能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有： see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , havemake, observe, notice注: 当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to , 如： Hewas seen to playin the street just now.二动名词Learning English is verydifficult .学英语非常困难。His job is driving a bus . 他的工作是开车。I enjoy dancing .我喜欢跳舞。I have got used to living in the country . 我已经习惯了住农村。Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep . 吃点安眠药，你很快就会入睡。注意以下几种结构：1Theres no telling what will happen .=Itsimpossible to tell what will happen . = No one can tell what will happen . 2Its no use talking with him . Its no good speaking to them like that . 3Theres some difficulty ( in ) doing 在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换: trouble , problem, fun, pleasure, a good time, a hard time 注意以下几个问题：1下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，forget to do 忘记要做某事forget doing忘记做了某事remember to do记住要做某事remember doing 记着做了某事mean to do 有意要做某事mean doing 意味着做了某事regret to do 对要做的事表示后悔regretdoing 对做过去的事后悔cant help to do不能帮助做某事cant help doing 情不自禁做某事try to do 尽力去做某事try doing 试着做某事learn to do 学着去做某事learn doing 学会做某事stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 接着做（另外一件事）go on doing 继续做某事used to do 过去做某事be used to doing 习惯做某事2动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing的含义现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义如：a sleeping car= a car for sleeping a running horse= a horse which is running 前者是动名词 ， 后者是现在分词又如： drinking water, walking stickrunning water , sleeping boy 3 动名词的逻辑主语：动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。例如：His coming made us very happy . 4动名词的语态和时态5 动名词主动形式表被动的情况： need doing , want doing , require doingThis room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。6只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy, escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require ,suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , cant help , cant stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include , 三 分词1 Thestory is interesting . Im interested in it . 这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。2 . This is a moving film . 这是一部动人的电影。3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president . 秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。4. Given more time , Ill do it well . 如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank . 当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。应注意的几个问题：1现在分词与过去分词的区别Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? = Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ? The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.China is a developing countryand America is a developed country.2分词作表语The news sounds encouraging . They got very excited . 1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：The news isinteresting . He is interested in the news .doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。2）表语与被动式的区别：The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（强调动作）The blackboard is broken . Youd better have it repaired.（强调状态）3）常作表语的过去分词：amused , injured , covered , known , dressed, lost, broken , gone , delighted, excited, pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank, done 3现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging . What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .4注意的四种结构：have something to do有某事要做have something done 使某事被做have somebody do something 使某人做某事have something doing 让某事一直做着5 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：seat , prepare , hide , dress 如：I seated myself on the chair .I was seated on the chair .6分词做状语与不定式的区别：分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、 条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。Havingfinished the homework , I went home . （ 时间）Being a Party member , I should work hard . （原因）Given more time ,I can do my work better . （ 条件 ）He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at theboy. （ 伴随）To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )He is old enough to join the army .（ 结果）7分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别a running horse现在分词 = a horse that is runninga fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallena walking stick动名词 = a stick for walking something to do不定式 = something that I should do 8不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：I have a problem to be discussedat the meeting .( 将来)The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . （正在进行