8B-现在完成时-语法讲解及练习.doc

8B Unit1 Past and present 复习学案
一、语法——现在完成时
1. 现在完成时用法：
（1） 表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果。常和下列副词连用：recently, lately，already（肯定句）, yet（否定句和疑问句）， never, ever,  just, before等。
例：We haven’t seen you recently.  
I haven’t had my breakfast yet. 
Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 

(2) 表示过去的动作持续到现在，可能还要继续下去。（延续性用法）常接下列时间状语：for +一段时间；since+时间点；since+一段时间+ago; since+从句（从句用一般过去时），so far, in the past three years等。
例：I’ve known this place for many years. 
His father has worked in the factory since 1991. 
Mary has finished the homework since twenty minutes ago.

（3）表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间内反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态。
例：I have been to the Summer Palace twice. 

2. 现在完成时构成：

1、肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他
2、否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他
3、一般疑问句：have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他？
肯Yes, 主语+have/has.  否No , 主语+ haven't/hasn't.
4、 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他？

【拓展】现在完成时反义疑问句结构：
主语+have/has+动词过去分词+其他， have/has+not+主语？
主语+have/has+not/否定词+动词过去分词+其他，have/has+主语？
例：She has finished her homework, hasn’t she? 
I haven’t had my breakfast yet, have I?

3．现在完成时易错点考点：
(1) 现在完成时属于现在时态范畴，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last week, a day ago等。

(2) 瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词，不能与表示一段时间的短语连用。
【小试牛刀】判断正误并改正：
①They have bought the computer for two weeks.
②The show has started for 2 hours
③They have been away from their home three years ago.
④My parents have gone to Shanghai twice.
练习：将下列句子改为同义句
① Mr Zhang came to our school in 2004
Mr zhang ______ _______ ______ our school for five years.
② I left my hometown when I was ten years old.
I ______ _______ _______ from my hometown _______ I was ten years old.

（3）It has been\ is +一段时间+ since 从句 从句通常用一般过去时。
例： It has been ten years since my family came to this city.
It is ten years since my family came to this city.

（4）since和for的区别
since之后为时间点。since 2000 since ten years ago since I was very young.
for后面跟时间段。 for three years for a long time
当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语
动词必须是延续性动词
【小试牛刀】
Amy hasn’t been to Singapore _______ last year.
Have you played basketball ________ three months?
单选：1Tom______the CD player for two weeks. 
 A. has lent    B. has borrowed    C. has bought     D. has had 
析：A、B、C均为非延续性动词，在肯定句中不与表"段时间"的短语连用。
 2.I______a letter from him since he left. 
A. didn't receive  B. haven't got   C. didn't have   D. haven't heard
析：据since可知，应排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."
故选B。

二、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别：
have/has gone to表示“去了”某地，已经不在这里了，故不能和第一和第二人称连用，瞬间性动词不能跟次数连用，不能和never,ever,before连用，也不能和一段时间连用。
have/has been to强调的是“去过”某地，已经不在所说的地方，可以和次数（once,twice,three times）连用，还可以和never ,ever, just, before,so far,already等连用，但是不能和表示一段时间的短语连用（如：how long,for two days,since last week等）
Have/has been in 强调的是在某个地方停留的时间，要接一段时间。
例. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.
　　Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
　　Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been
【小试牛刀】
用have \has been to 与have (has) gone to 填空: 
1. Where’s Jim? He ____________ England. 
2. _________you ever ____________America? No, never. 
3. They ________never ___________ the Great Wall. 
4. Mr Green isn’t here. He ________Nanjing for a meeting.
5. Where_________ you _____? I ____ just _____ the library. 
6. A: Where are Kate and Ann? B: They _____ China. 
A: _______ they ever _______ there before? B: No, never. 

三、 短暂性动词与延续性动词
短暂性动词
延续性动词
现在完成时
arrive at(in)get to/reach
come/go/move to.
be in /at
have been in /at
come back//go back/
return
be back
have been back
come out/go out
be out
have been out
become
be
have been
close
be closed
have been closed
open(v)
be open(adj.)
have been open
get up
be up
have been up
die
be dead
have been dead
leave
be away from
have been away from
fall asleep/get to sleep
be asleep
have been asleep
finish/end
be over
have been over
marry/get married
be married
have been married
begin/start
be on
have been on
borrow
keep
have kept
buy
have
have had
put on
wear

catch/get a cold
have a cold
have had a cold
get to know
know
have known
have/has gone to
have/has been in

join the league/the Party/the army
be a member/members of;
be in
have been a member/members of;
have been in

1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作或存在的状态，一直持续到现在，并可以和以 for或since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也可以用在以“how long”提问的句子中，句子中的谓语动词一般为延续性动词。例：
He has been away from Beijing for two years.   = He left Beijing two years ago. 
When did the train arrive here? B. How long ____ the train ____ here?

2. 在现在完成时的肯定句中，非延续性动词作谓语动词时，不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。但可以用其他句式来表示同一个意思。例：
Lucy has come back.
The old man died 4 years ago.   = The old man has been dead for 4 years. 
 He has been away from Beijing for two years.   
= He left Beijing two years ago  
= It is two years since he left Beijing.  
= Two years has passed since he left Beijing. 

3.非延续性动词可以在现在完成时的否定句中作谓语，并可以与for，since引导的时间状语连用，表示动作的延续过程。例如：  
  She hasn’t bought any new clothes since last year.
I haven’t borrowed the book for a long time. 

【随堂练习】
 1.  When he arrives at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes. 
A.  has left    B. had left   C. has been away     D. had been away 
2.  I ______ the League for 5 years so far.    
A. joined    B. have joined   C. have been in 
3.  The factory ________ since the February of 1988.    
A . has been open  B. has opened   C. was open   D. opened 
4.The meeting  _______ for a week now.   
A. has finished   B. has ended  C. has been over 
5.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.   
A. has been in  B. has come to  C. has taught 
6. How long _______ he ________ ?   
A. died    B. has, died   C. has, been dead 
课后练习：

一、用所给词适当形式填空
1. ---- Where is Jim? ----He ______the flowers over there.( water)
2.He will give the book back to you if he _______ (finish) reading it tomorrow.
3.Kitty used _________ (is) a good dancer.
4.My grandpa is used to _________ (live) in the countryside.
5.I _ (be) to Wuxi many times.
6.The meeting _________(begin) in half an hour.
7.---- ______ you _______(see) my watch?
----Yes, I ______(see) it on your desk five minutes ago.
8. I _________ (cook) when the telephone _______ (ring) yesterday.
9. We ____________(live) in a flat in the city since we________(move) there in 1998.
10.  ____________(from time to time), they go shopping at weekends.

二．句型转换
1. I have already eaten something.（改为否定句）
I ______ _______ ________ ________
2. I bought my first dictionary when I was ten.
I ______ _______ my first dictionary __________ I was ten.
3.My father was a teacher in the past.（改为同义句）
My father be a teacher.
4.He has been here for two week.（改为同义句）
He has been here two weeks .
5.Lishui has changed a lot over the years.
There ______ _____ many _____ in Lishui during the last years.
6.Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. (提问)
________ ________ ________ Eddie lived with Millie?

三．选择填空
( )1.—Where is Mr Green now ? I haven’t seen him for a few days .
—He _____ to Hong Kong .
A. goes B. will go C. is going D. has gone 
( )2.—Is your father in?－ No, he ______ for three hours.
A. was out B. has been out C. went out D. has gone out
( )3.－Have you written anything on Chinese traditional food so far?
－__________, but I have a plan for it.
A. Ever since B. Later on C. Not yet D. From now on
)4. －Why not go to see the dolphin show with me?
－Because I _______ it.
A. saw B. will see C. see D. have seen
( )5.The old man lives ____ in a _____ house, but he doesn’t feel_____.
A. alone, alone, lonely B. lonely, lonely, alone
C. alone, lonely, lonely D. alone, lonely, alone
( )6.The child has come to school by bike his own.
A.in B.by C.on D.of
（ ）7.My brother doesn’t like playing _____ piano . He likes playing _____ chess.
A. the, the B. the, a C. / , the D the, /
（ ）8.There _____ a lot of stalls along the street, but they have moved out.
A. used to be B. used to have C. had D. was
（ ）9.——How long _____ his brother _______ Paris ?
——Only one day.
A. has, been in B. has, been to C. Has gone to D. did go to
（ ）10.——Do you know who ________ away Dainel’s coat ?
——Jane, she says she will _______ it here in a few minutes.
A. took, bring B. bring, take C. takes , bring D. brings, take
（ ）11.——When did you go to university? ——_____.
A. For five years. B .Since five years ago.
C. In five years D Five years ago
（ ）12. I had to _____ nearly 100 yuan for this colourful dress.
A .take B spend C cost D pay
（ ）13 . I think this is _______ model ship I have _____ seen before.
A the best , never B a better, never C the best, ever D a better , already
（ ）14 . I don’t believe he will pass the exam,_____?
A do I B will he C won’t he D don’t I
( )15. When did your father ____ your mother?
A. marry B. marry to C. marry with D. get married
( )16.  ----- How long can I ______ the book?    ------ Two weeks. 
A. borrow    B. lend   C. get    D. keep 
( )17. 16. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.  
A. is      B. catches   C. has caught    D. has had 
( )18.He ________ for 2 hours.   
A. got up   B.  has got up    C. has been up D.gets up
(     )19. We must try our best to stop the pollution _______ a happy life.     
A. from live     B. from living     C. living      D. to live
(     )20. -I've got a job in New York. -Oh, _______! But I'm going to miss you.     
A. that's great         B. I’m sorry     C. I beg your pardon       D. that's too bad

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