介词+关系代词及定语从句的其他用法.doc

一、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
基本构成
1.“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which（指物）或whom(指人) ，即：介词+which/whom。
（1）The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.
（2）The city in which she lives is far away.
（3）The little girl is reading a book,in which there are many cartoons.
注意：当介词放在关系代词的前面时，用在介词后的关系代词不能省略

2.关系副词when，where，why可用“介词＋which”来代替。关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词。其中
when=表时间的介词（如：in，at,on,during等）+which；
Where=表地点的介词（如：in，at,on,under等）+which；
Why=表原因的介词（如：for）+which
(1)当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。
I still remember the day when I came here. ( on the day =when)
(2)当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。
This is the house where I lived last year. ( in the house= where)
(3)当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。
There are many reasons why people like traveling. (for the reasons =why)
3、whose可转换为“ of +关系代词”型。
They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.

真题解析：
(2012.盐城)
By around 900 AD, there were many places in Northern Europe ______ the Vikings chose to live.
A. in which B. when C. which D. at which
A： step1:确定先行词，应当是places，“in Northern Europe”作地点状语修饰“places”且根据文意不是定语从句修饰的对象。
step2: 将先行词代入定语从句，“the Vikings chose to live in places”，所以定语从句缺少状语成分
解题步骤：
step1：分析先行词（人or物）
step2: 将先行词代入从句中（判断其作什么成分）

介词的选择
一、看搭配
a). 介词和先行词的搭配
例：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.
The year is the unit of time in which the earth makes one trip around the sun.

b). 从句中固定短语的习惯性搭配
例：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?
若介词放在后面的时候关系代词可以用that代替或者省略
特例：look into/after /for ;think of ;speak of ;laugh at 短语中的介词不能移到关系代词前
例：This is the watch which you’re looking for.
This is the question which i thought of yesterday

二、看关系
a). 先后，因果关系
The boy’s parents are both out of work, as a result of which he has to get help from a charity.
I listen and speak English every day, by means of which my English has improved a lot.
He might be still sleeping, in which case we have to go without him.
He spends most of his time studying, the aim of which is to enable him to go to a famous university next year.

b). 所属关系
介词前可以是some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词
There are 30 girl students in my class, only one of whom is beautiful.
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(08湖南31)The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ___are beyond our control.
A most of them B most of which
C most of what D most of that
Key: B
练习：
1. John, ______ money is no problem, still leads a simple life.
A. for whose B. of whose C. of whom D. for whom
2. The English play ___ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
3. Why not try another way ______ you may do your experiment better and more quickly?
A. on which B. where C. in which D. by which
4. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ______ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
5. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ____New York is an example.
A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which
6. Examination positions, together with most business letters and government reports, are the main situations ____ formal language is used.
A. in which B. on which C. of which D. for which

二、定语从句的其他用法：
1、以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：
The way (that/in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don’t like the way (that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。

2、先行词是time时，若time作“次数”是，且关系词在从句中作状语，则应用关系代词that，that可以省略；若time作“一段时间/时代”讲，且在从句中作状语时，用关系副词when或介词at/during+which。
It is the first time (that) Mr.Smith has visited China.
There was a time when there were no radios, no telephone or no TV sets.
练习：
This is the first time ________ he has been here.
A. that B. when C. at which D. which
I don't like ________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
答案：AA

3. 判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数。
1 one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 +复数动词 如：
He is one of the students who work hard
他是学习努力的学生之一。（who指先行词the students）
2 the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数动词 如:
He is the (only) one of the students who goes abroad．
他是学生中唯一出国的。（who指先行词the only one of the students）
The Great Wall is the (only) one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.
长城是地球上唯一一个可以从月球上看到的建筑物. (that 指先行词 the only one of the buildings)
注意: not the only one of …= only one of 如:
Tom is not the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.
= Tom is only one of the boys who have passed the exam
通过考试的男孩,汤姆并非唯一.
=汤姆只是通过考试的男孩中的一个.

三、总结
重点掌握介词+关系代词引导的定语从句1、当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，并且不能省略；在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that或which，that或whom或who作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。2、根据句意或者固定搭配确定相应的介词。
1. This is the gun _____ _______ the hunter shot the antelope.
2. The athletes _______ _____ he will pete e from Greece and Czech Republic.
3. He’ll never forget the day ____ ______ he was admitted to the Olympic Games for the first time.
4. The musicians _____ ______ we have great interest toured Europe with us.
5. The sun gives us heat and light, _______ which we can’t live.
6. I’ll never forget the day ___ which she said good-bye to me.

①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai． 
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
①填that。②填 when。