高中定语从句讲义.doc

英语的句子成分及基本结构
首先,我们来看一下英语当中词的词性 (part of speech)
( n. ) apple, flower, student, adult, advertisement…… 这些是 _________词
(pron.) I, you, we, myself, ourselves……这些是 ________词
( v. ) work, run, read, abandon, beg……这些是 __________词
( adj. ) excited, important , central……这些是 ________词, 常用来修饰 _________
( adv. ) fast, hard, happily, out, away…这些是 ________词, 常用来修饰 _______________
(conj. ) and, but, or, as, when, if…. 这些是 _________词, 常用来 _______________
(prep. ) in, on, at, by, above……这些是 _______词, 可以构成短语, 在一个句中做下列成分: This is a book on gardening. (做 定 语)
The book is under the table. (做 表 语)
He has been here since Friday. (做 状 语)
Make yourself at home. (做 补 语)

接下来，我们在了解一下构成一个句子的基本成分有哪些 (members of sentences)

George is a smart boy from Britain. He likes learning Chinese very much. History is his favorite subject, too. Talking with his Chinese friends online makes him happy.

在这几个句子里：
George, He, History, Talking with his Chinese friends 是句子中的 ________.
is是句子中的 ________.
like, make是句子中的 ________.
a smart boy, his favorite subject是句子中的 ________.
learning Chinese, him是句子中的 ________.
smart, from Britain, favorite是句子中的 ________.
very much是句子中的 ________.
happy是句子中的 ________.

现在，我们进入正题，看看英语简单句的基本结构有哪些 (sentence structures)

Today was my first day at my new school. I don’t like the new people around me. When they speak to me I feel very shy, so they misunderstand and think I am unfriendly. In our class the teacher gave us a task --- to stand up and introduce ourselves. I could feel everyone looking at me. I went very red and could only say a few words quietly. The teacher will think I am a bad student, but I work very hard. My problem is that I’m easily embarrassed.

e.g. 1 Today was my first day at my new school.

主语(Subject) + 系动词(Link-verb) + 表语(Predicative) + 状语(Adverbial)
结构1：S + L-v + P + (A)
你知道的系动词(Link-verb)有哪些？
be – am/ is/ are/ was/ were

When they speak to me I feel very shy…
系动词还包括：(1) 表示“感觉”的feel, look, sound, taste, smell
(2) 表示“变化”的bee, fall, get, grow, turn，go
(3) 表示“保持”的stay, remain, keep
(4) 表示“看上去”的 appear, seem
(5) 表示“证明”的prove

e.g. 2 I don’t like the new people around me.

主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 宾语(Object) + 状语(Adverbial)
结构2：S + V + O + (A)

e.g.3 but I work very hard.

主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 状语(Adverbial)
结构 3：S + V + (A)

这个句子为什么没有宾语？
英语中的实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)两种。
及物动词指的是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词，如：learn, see, study, like….
不及物动词/词组指的是后面不能直接跟宾语，也不能用被动语态的动词/词组，如：run, happen, wait, work, take place, run out……
* 有些动词，即可以做vt. 也可以做vi.
e.g. He often drives very fast. He often drives his friends home.

e.g. 4 In our class the teacher gave us a task…

状语(Adverbial) + 主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 直接宾语(Direct object) + 间接宾语 (Indirect object)
结构4：S + V + O1 + O2 + (A)
* 第四种结构的句子都可以转化成为第二种结构的句子
e.g. In our class the teacher gave us a task…→In our class the teacher gave a task to us…

e.g. 5 I could feel everyone looking at me

主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 宾语(Object) + 宾补(Object plement)
结构5：S + V + O + OC

* 其它可以充当宾补的还有：
No one likes to keep his room dirty and disorderly. ( 形容词 )
It’s cold out. Why not invite them in? ( 副 词 )
They named their dog Joe. ( 名 词 )
The teacher had the students doing their homework for a long time. ( 现在分词 )
I had my hair cut yesterday. ( 过去分词 )
He asked me to give him a hand. (动词不定式)

关于状语
状语可以分为以下几种：
1. Let’s get together at 7 o’clock. ( 时间 状语)
2. I met the boy in the library. ( 地点 状语)
3. He came late because of the heavy rain. ( 原因 状语)
4. She got to the station to pick up her son. ( 目的 状语)
5. The young man got up too late to catch the bus. ( 结果 状语)
6. Will you go to New York by sea or by air? ( 方式 状语)
7. If it rains tomorrow, the meeting will be put off. ( 条件 状语)
8. Despite the heavy rain, he went to look after the old man. ( 让步 状语)
9. I can’t do anything with you looking at me. ( 伴随 状语)

试一试: 你能说出下列划线的部分分别在句子当中担当什么成分吗?
1. Some of the older students came to our classroom today to talk with us. 目的状语
2. They are very enthusiastic and they speak fluently in front of lots of people. 表语；地点状语
3. I want to be like them. 宾语
4. The English teacher always wants me to talk. 宾补
5. When I’m sitting at a puter, I don’t feel shy. 时间状语；表语
6. I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. 定语
7. What she told me seems real. 表语

知识延伸：
如果在一个英语句子中作某个特定成分的不再是一个词或者短语，而是一个从句，那么这个含有从句的大句子就叫做复合句。

试一试: 你能辨别下列从句的种类吗？
1. I don’t know that he has joined the army. ( 从句)
2. What he said sounds good. ( 从句)
3. My problem is that I’m easily embarrassed. ( 从句)
4. He wanted to help the old man who lived next door. ( 从句)
5. When the film ended, the people went back. ( 从句)
6. Where there is a will, there is a way. ( 从句)
7. I’ll speak slowly so that you can follow me. ( 从句)
8. He is so lovely a boy that we all like him. ( 从句)
9. You’ll fail the exam unless you work hard. ( 从句)
10. He’s unhappy, though he has a lot of money. ( 从句)

定语从句 attributive clause
◆英语谚语欣赏
1. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for-nothing. 不懂装懂，一事无成。
2. It’s the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下。
3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼。
◆概念
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语(修饰某一名词或代词)的从句叫定语从句，一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as
关系副词 when, where, why
在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，定语，状语）

关系代词

关系副词
关系词
先行词
从句成分
备注
who
人
主语，宾语
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不能用that
whom
人
宾语
whose
人，物
定语
that
人，物
主语，宾语
which
物
主语，宾语
as
人，物
主语，宾语
as做宾语一般不省略
when
时间
时间状语
可用on which
where
地点
地点状语
可用in which
why
原因
原因状语
可用for which
◆定语从句三步：
第一找出先行词；
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；
第三选择合适的关系词。

1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句
(1)who或whom均可指代人， 但who在从句中作主语或宾语， whom在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时， who/that不可省略； 作宾语时， whom/who/that可以省略。
◆ I’ve bee good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year.
◆ I have many friends to I’m going to send post cards.　
◆ The person I want to talk about with is Tu Youyou, the one won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.
(Who/whom/that; whom; who)
(2)whose表所属关系， 一般指人，也可指物， 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which; 指人时相当于of whom。
◆Do you know the man name is Wangping?
Do you know the man the name is Wangping?
Do you know the man the name is wangping?
◆This is the room window is broken.
This is the room the window is broken.
This is the room the window is broken.
结论：whose+ n. (物)= of which the n. / the n. of which.
whose+ n. (人)= of whom the n. / the n. of whom.

注意：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
◆Tom is the only one of the engineers who has e up with the solution.
2.that,which引导的定语从句
(1)which指物， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语， 作宾语时可以省略。
◆She showed the visitors around the museum had been constructed three years before.

(2)限制性定语从句中， 关系代词只用that不用which的情况：
①先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。
◆I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else’s fault.
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词， 或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
◆The first place they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
③先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some，all等修饰时。
◆The only part of the meal I really liked was the dessert. 　
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
◆They will never forget the things and persons they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey.
⑤当先行词前面有who，which等疑问代词时，为避免重复。
◆Who is the man is standing there?
◆Which is the T-shirt fits me most?
⑥先行词是主句的表语或者关系代词在从句中作表语
◆He is not the boy he used to be.
(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：
①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时，指物用which，指人用whom.
◆The boy was away from home for a week, worried his parents very much.
②当从句中的介词提前， 构成“介词＋关系代词” 结构时。
◆We live in an age in more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
③先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，
◆I don’t take that is too expensive.
3.as引导的定语从句
(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行词＋as…”结构中。
◆Such machines are used in our workshop are made in China. 　
注意：which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。
◆(安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, ______ made one of the Chinese people’s long­held dreams e true.
(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper, as is expected等。
◆She has been absent for the meeting again, is expected.　
(3)as 易错警示 the same +名词+as 表示同一类事物
the same +名词+that表示同一个事物
◆She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
◆She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
Such…as…引导的是定语从句，as在从句中作主语或宾语
Such…that…结果状语从句，that只起连接作用，不充当任何成分
◆ He has such a good laptop I want to buy.
◆ He has such a good laptop I want to buy one.
[典例] (2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River____________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

单句语法填空
1.(2015·陕西高考)A salesman ____________ is not punctual may not make a sale if he arrives late for an appointment.
2.(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________is driving your family crazy.
3.(2017·福建龙岩质检)Tibet is such a place____________ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting. as　
4.(2016·江苏高考单项填空)Many young people, most of ____________ were well­educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
5.(2015·四川高考单项填空)The books on the desk，____________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

1.where引导的定语从句
where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on…＋which”。
◆(2015·北京高考单项填空)Opposite is St.Paul’s Church，______ you can hear some lovely music.
＝Opposite is St.Paul’s Church，in which you can hear some lovely music.

当先行词为situation, case, stage, point，activity, atmosphere等抽象名词， 且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时， 常用关系副词where引导。
◆They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
2.when引导的定语从句
when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语， 相当于“介词in/at/on/during…＋which” 结构。
◆(湖南高考单项填空)I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.　
3.why引导的定语从句
why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。
◆Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting? 　
(1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。　
This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在从句中作宾语)
I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关系词在从句中作状语)
(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。
I don’t like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother.
[典例] (2016·全国卷乙语法填空)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s，____________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

单句语法填空
1.(广东高考)The next day, my brother and I went to the beach ____________we watched some people play volleyball.
22015·广东高考语法填空)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market ____________ people from the towns met regularly.
3.(2016·天津高考单项填空)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____________ the weather may be better.

1.介词和关系代词的确定
介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
(1)先行词的意义；
(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
(3)句子的意思。
◆Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
(be devoted to“献身，致力于”)
◆(湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.
◆Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.
2.“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。
◆He had a lot of friends，none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.　
3.“介词＋where”引导的定语从句
有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
◆His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
[典例] (2016·浙江高考单项填空)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ____________ has been proved.

单句语法填空/单句改错
1.I am looking for my glasses, without ____________ I can’t watch TV clearly.
2.She brought with her three friends, none of ____________ I had ever met before.
3.(浙江高考)The children, all of which had played the whole day long，were worn out.____________________

单句语法填空
1.(2015·陕西高考语法和词汇知识)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ____________ he should be able to be independent.
2.(2017·安徽安庆一中模拟)I will never forget such a beautiful village I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
3.(2017·吉林省实验中学第二次模拟)There they met people from other parts of the country, ____________had also volunteered to help.
4.(2017·浙江台州书生中学月考)Bob is in a hopeless situation，____________ we will keep a very close eye on.
5.It was a pity that the policeman failed to find the person____________ the witness had described.
6.(2017·湖南岳阳一中检测)The old man turned his business over to his younger son, ____________made his elder son discouraged.
7.(2015·重庆高考单项填空)He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of ____________ were published in the 1990s.
82017·浙江湖州中学期中)Tom’s new watch ____________hands are made of gold is quite expensive.
9.(2017·浙江平阳二中期中)Take an active part in the activities you enjoy____________ you can make many friends.
10.(2017·江苏泰州一中模拟)Those who can achieve high grades in class tend to be weak in handling some practical problems，____________is often the case.
11.(2017·辽宁朝阳三校联考)On an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm____________ we learnt to plant potatoes.
12.(2017·浙江东阳二中调研)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ____________lives were affected.
13.(2017·浙江杭州余杭区期末)The baby，________