章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,醉心作品,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture 4,Noun,and Noun Phrase,第1页,Classification of Nouns,Number Forms of Nouns,(,名词数,),Unit Noun(Partitive),(,单位名词,),Function,of Noun,Phrases,第2页,Classification of Nouns,Word formation,Lexical meaning,Grammatical form,Simple nouns,Compound nouns,Derivative nouns,Common nouns,Proper nouns,Countable nouns,Uncountable,nouns,第3页,Simple nouns,:,a noun that contains only one free morpheme.,man,chair,land,ship,water,gas,faith,Compound nouns,:,a noun that is composed of two or more morphemes.,armchair,farmland,seaside,forget-me-not,Derivative nouns,:,a noun that comes from a verb,an adjective or a simple noun with affix.,arrangement,greatness,ability,expectation,P41 Ex.4A,第4页,Common Noun,个体名词,Individual Noun,(boy,house,tiger,insect),集体名词,Collective Noun,(family,team,cattle,police),物质名词,Material Noun,(air,snow,bread,rice),抽象名词,Abstract Noun,(glory,honesty,failure,education),第5页,Proper Noun,A proper noun is a name used for a particular person,place or thing,and spelt with a capital initial letter.,Anderson,China,San Francisco,British Airways,National Peoples Congress,the Democratic Party,The New York Times,the State Council,Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference,the 12th Five-Year Plan,第6页,Count and non-count nouns,A count noun(or countable noun)is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with such determiners as a(n),many,few,these,those,several,etc.A non-count noun(or uncountable noun)is a noun that cannot go with the above-mentioned words.,第7页,Function of noun phrases,The noun phrase can function as all the elements in the sentence except the predicate verb.,As,Subject,:,Children at play,seldom remember what time it is.,The boys quarrelling over the game,each insisted that the other was unfair.,第8页,Function of noun phrases,As,Subject Complement,:,That was,an attractive little black chair,.,My grandfather died,a martyr to his revolutionary ideal,.,As,Object:,They gave him,a first-rate education,.,In the hall,I saw,some extremely valuable pictures,.,第9页,Function of noun phrases,As,Object Complement,:,They elected him,chairman of the board,.,The School Board have appointed her,superintendent of the citys schools,.,As,Appositive,:,Mr.Brown,director of the coal mine,should be responsible for the accident.,Alice,a professor of the department,will be invited to our English Evening.,第10页,Function of noun phrases,As Prepositional Complement,(or,Prepositional Object,):,We teachers should be concerned about,the students moral culture,.,Within,the house,nothing stirs.In,the garden,I can hear the singing of,birds,.I can hear the rustle of,their wings,.,第11页,Function of noun phrases,As,Adverbial,and,Conjunction,:,He returned,last night,.,A photo is taken,each time,(=whenever)this button is pushed.,She phoned her parents,the moment,(=as soon as)she reached the hotel.,第12页,Number forms of nouns,Regular and irregular plural,Individual nouns are all countable and therefore have singular and plural forms.The regular plural is formed by adding,s,or,es,to the base(e.g.,photos,tomatoes,boxes,wives,etc.),while the irregular plural is not formed in the above way but by other means such as by,changing the internal vowel,or by,changing the ending of the noun,(e.g.,tooth teeth,man men,mouse mice,child children,ox oxen).,P42-44,第13页,Irregular plurals also include some words of foreign origin,borrowed from Greek,Latin or French(known as“,foreign plurals,”).,Some borrowed words have,two plural forms,:a foreign plural and an English plural.,For some nouns,their,singular and plural,number share,the same,form.,P44,P45,P45,第14页,Number forms of the collective,material,abstract and proper noun,a)Number forms of the collective noun:,Some collective nouns are countable,some are not.Countable collective nouns behave just like individual nouns.An uncountable collective noun has no plural form.If we want to count the number,we have to use a kind of,individual noun related semantically to the collective,.,Some collective nouns have both singular and plural forms:,(Please refer to 2.3.3 on P27.),P46,第15页,b)Number forms of the material noun:,Material nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms.But there are some such items that can be used either,uncountably,when used to mean the,material itself,or,countably,when used in,other senses,:,sand sands;water waters;food foods;,fruit fruits;coffee coffees;,rubber rubbers;stone stones;egg eggs;,lamb lambs;onion onions;,P51,第16页,c)Number forms of the abstract noun:,Abstract nouns are mostly uncountable,e.g.:,Honesty,is the best policy.,Knowledge,is power.,But there are some abstract nouns that are countable like individual nouns,e.g.:,victory/a victory/two victories,There are also abstract nouns that have plural endings but are uncountable.For instance,He is in financial difficulties.,He is in several difficulties.,第17页,In the case of some abstract nouns,the plural ending has the effect of changing the meaning of the base,e.g.:,The teachers met once a year to exchange,experience,.,Have you had much,experience,in teaching English?,Please tell us about your,experiences,in Africa.,My life in China was an unforgettable,experience,.,We told each other our,experiences,abroad.,第18页,More examples of abstract nouns that have both singular and plural forms:,relation relations;youth youths;worry worries;,distraction distractions;business businesses;,kindness kindnesses,;,Some abstract noncount nouns have semantically related individual nouns as their countable equivalents:,laughter laughs;work jobs;,correspondence letter,notes,etc.,photography photos;permission permit;,music songs;fun joy;,homework exercises;,P51,第19页,Some English nouns such as,family,room,mouth,ear,etc.seem to be only countable nouns.However,they can express,abstract senses,in certain collocations:,to have too much family,(=too heavy family burden),to have too much winter,(=a too long spell of cold weather),to have too much mouth,(=to talk too much),to have too little ear,(=to be not inclined to listen to others),to have room for,(=to have a need for),to feel the patriot rise,(=to feel the patriotic feelings rise),第20页,Some English nouns(fool,man,coward,coquette,scholar,poet,politician,sportsman,etc.)that are usually countable can become uncountable when referring to peoples features:,to be fool enough,(=to be foolish enough);,more of a fool,(=more foolish);,less of a fool,(=less foolish);,as much of a fool as,(=as foolish as);,too much of a fool,(=too foolish);,He was enough of a man to tell the truth.,P51,第21页,d)Number forms of the proper noun:,Proper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no plural forms,except for such proper names as,the United States,the Philippines,the Netherlands,etc.which are themselves plural in form.When a proper noun takes a plural ending,it takes on some characteristics of a common noun,e.g.:,Have you invited,the Brown,s,?,There are two,Miss Smith,s,/,Miss,es,Smith,in the class.,P48 Ex4B,4C,第22页,Partitives,Partitives are also called,unit nouns,.,General partitives,Partitives related to the shape of things,Paritives related to volume,Paritives related to the state of action,Partitives denoting pairs,groups,flocks,etc,第23页,General partitives,这类单位词包含,piece,bit,item,article,它们搭配能力很强。尤其是,piece,bit,a piece of,advice/armor/bacon/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/coal/coke(cf.Coke=Coca-Cola)/evidence/furniture/ice/information/land/meat/music/news/paper/research/sugar/work;,a bit of,advice/bread/grass/news/trouble/wood,etc.,an item of,news;,an article of,furniture;,第24页,Partitives related to the,shape,of things,a,cake,of soap;,a,bar,of chocolate;,a,drop,of water;,a,grain,（颗粒）of sand;,an,ear,（穗）of corn;,a,flight,of stairs;,ten,head,of cattle/cabbage/lettuce;,a,bundle,of keys/sticks/firewood;,a,loaf,of bread;,a,lump,of sugar;,a,spiral,of incense;,a,slice,(cf.,fillet,)of meat;,第25页,Partitives related to,volume,a,bottle,of ink;,a,bowl,of rice(cf.a,toilet bowl,);,a,pail,of water;,a,bucket,of water/milk;,a,glass,of beer;,a,cup,of tea/coffee;,ahandful,of clay;,two,spoonful,s of hot water;,a,truckload,of steel;,four,lorryload,s of sand;,第26页,Partitives related tothe,state of action,a,fit,of anger/temper/coughing/laughter/fever;,a,peal,of applause/laughter/thunder;,a,flash,of light/lightning/hope;,a,display,of courage/force/power/skill;,第27页,Partitives denoting,pairs,groups,flocks,etc,a,pair,of shoes;,a,flock,of birds;,a,herd,of elephants;,a,litter,of kittens;,a,swarm,of bees;,a,shoal,of fish;,a,school,of whales;,a,bench,of judges;,a,troupe,of actors;,a,gang,of hooligans(cf.the Gang of Four);,a,pack,of hounds;,第28页,1,.That fellow is clever;he has _.,A.brain,B.a brain,C.the brain,D.brains,D,第29页,2,._are against that decision.,A.The publics,B.Publics,C.The public,D.Public,C,第30页,3,.We regard _as _.,A.Negroes;hero,B.Negroes;heroes,C.Negros;heroes,D.Negros;heros,B,第31页,4,.I have two _.,A.toothbrushes,B.toothbrush,C.teethbrushes,D.teethbrush,A,第32页,5.The policeman asked the men to show the _.,A.paper,B.papers,C.piece of paper,D.pieces of papers,B,第33页,6,.As is known to us all,_travels much faster than _.,A.lights;sounds,B.light;sound,C.sound;light,D.sounds;lights,B,第34页,7,.The rising _did a lot of _to the crops.,A.water;harm,B.water;harms,C.waters;harm,D.waters;harms,C,第35页,8,.Julie went to the _to buy a pair of shoes.,A.shoes store,B.shoes store,C.shoe store,D.shoess store,C,第36页,9,.Food and _for dinner,tomorrow,evening,have been prepared,.,A.cloth,B.clothe,C.clothes,D.clothing,D,第37页,醉心作品,谢谢观看,第38页,