高中英语名词语法复习.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语法专题（一）,名 词,名词要点精讲,名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察,其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词,的考查点。,专有名词,主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的,名称，如,Beijing,，,China,等。,普通名词,是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的,名词，如：,book,，,sadness,等。,名词,专有名词,(Proper Nouns),普通名词,(Common Nouns),个体名词,(Individual Nouns),集体名词,(Collective Nouns),物质名词,(Material Nouns,),抽象名词,(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词,(Uncountable Nouns),可数,名词,(Countable Nouns),个体名词,和,集体名词,可以用数目来计算，称为,可数名词,（,Countable Nouns,），,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为,不可数名词,（,Uncountable Nouns,）。,Proper Nouns:,指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg,:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day,注意：,专有名词的第一个字母要大写,Common Nouns,：,一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,1.,Individual Nouns:,指作为个体而存在的,人或东西,可以指具体的人或物。,Eg,:aunts;a panda;apartments,也可指,抽象东西。,Eg,:a year;fairy tales;a dream,2.,Collective Nouns:,表示若干个个体组成的集合体,Eg,:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,His family _ not large,.(be),Cf,:His family _ all music lovers.(be),在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg,:The audience was(were)excited by the show.,is,are,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg,:The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg,:The police are looking for him.,3.,Material Nouns,:,指无法分为个体的物质。,Eg,:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1),有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg,:Two strong black coffees,please.,(,两份）,Three beers,please.,(,三杯）,It was a special tea.,(,一种）,2),个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg,:rains,（雨季）,sands,（,沙滩）,snows(,积雪）,waters(,海域,),4.,Abstract Nouns,:,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,Eg,:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg,:Hes learning French for,fun.,I wish you good,luck,.,抽象名词转化为可数名词,。,Failure,is the mother of,success,.,(,失败与成功在此为抽象概念）,As a teacher,she is,a success,but as a mother,she is,a failure,because she devotes little time to looking after her child.,(,成功者，失败者，可数,),名词的数,不可数名词,一般没有单复数之分，它包括,抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：,health,advice,glass,wood,English,America,不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。,情况,加法,例词,一般情况,以,s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词,以,辅音,y,结尾的词,以,辅音,+o,结尾的词,以,f,或,fe,结尾的词,加-s,加,-,es,去,y,加,-,ies,多数加,-,es,把,f/fe,改成,ves,Brothers;schools,Buses;watches;dishes*1,Ladies;countries;*2,Heroes;tomatoes*3,Halves;leaves;*4,可数名词,有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*,2:,以元音,+y,或以专有名词,+y,结尾的名词，直接在词尾加,-s.,Eg:boys,;toys;Henrys,*,3:,以元音,+o,eg,:videos;studios,以,oo,结尾,eg,:zoos;bamboos;kangaroos,一些外来词,(,特别是音乐方面的词,),eg,:pianos,一些缩写词,eg,:kilos;photos;memos,一些专有名词,eg,:Eskimos;Filipinos,直接在词尾加,-s.,*,4:,以,f/fe,结尾只加,-s,的词：,proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs,handkerchief,（,手帕，手绢）,的复数形式两者都可以。,单,复数相同的情况：,sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese,以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。,Eg,:,yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu,只有复数形式的情况：,trousers(,裤子,);glasses(,眼镜,);compasses(,圆规,),a pair of,thanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle,复合名词的复数形式：,1.,词末,+-s,:,film-goer,s,;forget-me-not,s,2.,主体名词变为复数形式：,looker,s,-on;editor,s,-in-chief;son,s,-in-law,3.,两个组成部分皆变为复数：,women doctors;men cooks,*,这种形式的第一个名词必须是,man,或,woman,不规则复数：,1.man,men,Eg,:woman women;chairman-chairmen,2.oo,ee,Eg:foot,-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese,3.+en,Eg:child,-children;ox-oxen,4.ouse,ice,Eg,:mouse-mice;louse-lice,（,虱子）,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,Eg,:analys,i,s-analys,e,s;bas,i,s-bas,e,s;thes,i,s-thes,e,s;cris,i,s-cris,e,s,criteri,on,-criteri,a,;phenomen,on,-phenomen,a,;medi,um,-medi,a,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(,玻璃,),copper(,铜,),tin(,锡,),paper(,纸,),iron(,铁,),wood(,木头,),gold(,金子,),youth(,青春,),power(,力量,),beauty(,美,),pleasure(,愉快,),relation(,关系）,a glass(,玻璃杯,),a copper(,铜币板,),a tin(,罐头,),a paper(,报纸，证件，论文,),an iron(,熨斗,),a wood(,树林,),a gold(,金牌,),a youth(,年青人,),a power(,大国,),a beauty(,美人，美的东西,),a pleasure(,使人感到愉快的事,),a relation(,亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(,一首诗,),a machine(,一台机器,),a job(,一件工作,),a laugh(,一个笑声,),a permit(,许可证,),a garment(,一件衣裳,),a bag(case)(,一件行李,),a loaf(,一只面包,),a hair(,一根头发,),poetry诗歌总称,),machinery(,机器总称,),work(,工作,),laughter(,笑声,),permission(,允许,),clothing(,衣裳总称,),luggage,baggage(,行李,),bread(,面包,),hair(,头发,),几个名词的特殊用法,hair,_.,（,他的头发是白的。）,_.,（他有几根白的头发。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit,The,fruit,is sweet.,He likes pears,peaches,grapes and other,fruit,s.,policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen,score,two,(many,several),dozen,pencils,three _ them/these pencils,dozens of,students,two,score of,students,scores of,people,dozen of,word,（,消息，通知）,man,（,人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。,名词的格,所有格的形式：,一般的名词所有格在后面加,s,，,如：,Marys book,以,s,结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加，如：,Teachers Day,the students reading-room,以,s,结尾的专有名词所有格，如：,Engelss works,或,Engels works,s,结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：,todays newspaper,fifteen minutes ride,等与时间有关的名词。,凡不能加,s,构成所有格的名词，都可以与,of,结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：,Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?,一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：,This is not my pen,but,Marys,.,有时某些,s,结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：,We can meet at,Marys,.,He went to,his sisters,for dinner yesterday.,I had the dress made at,the tailors,at the corner of the street.,Last week we visited,St.Pauls,.,属格,形式,应用场合,举例,用在表示有生命的名词后,Tom and Mikes room(,两人共有,),Toms and Mikes rooms(,两人分别所有,),用在时间名词后,three weeks leave,todays paper,s,属格,用在距离,长度名词后,twenty miles journey,用在地点名词后,Chinas industry,用在天体名词后,the earths surface,用在价格名词后,a dollars worth,of,属格,用在表无生命事物名词后,the door of our classroom,双重,属格,名词前有,a,some,any,few,no,several,等词修饰时,a friend of my brothers,several classmates of his,名词所有格,(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk,for friendships sake.,She was,at her wits end,.,Now they could sing,at their hearts content,.,We should get the children,out of harms way,.,We had best keep them,at arms length,.,For goodness sake,stop arguing.,Jane got,the moneys worth,out of the coat.,(,为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（,尽情地）,（不受,损害）,（,保持距离,）,（看在,上帝的份上）,（很,合算）,名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。,名词作定语时，需注意：,an enemy soldier,several _,a boy student three _,a man teacher three _,a woman doctor three _,_,（,一家鞋店）,名词在句子中的作用,enemy soldiers,boy students,men teachers,women doctors,a shoe store,heart,trouble,snow,mountain,hearty,welcome,snowy,table-cloth,rain,drops,stone,house,rainy,season,stony,heart,rose,garden,rosy,face,gold,ring,golden,sunshine/times/age/wedding,用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：,1._ turn green in spring.A.Leaf B.Leafs C.Leave D.Leaves,2.He dropped the _ and broke it.,A.cup of coffee B.coffees cup,C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup,3.I need _ cloth,for Im going to make,_ clothes.A.a lot of;many B.much;much,C.many;many D.many;a lot,历年高考试题,4.He gained his _ by printing _,of famous writers.,A.wealth;work B.,wealths,;works,C.,wealths,;work D.wealth;works,5.Many countries are increasing their use of,natural gas,wind and other forms of _.,A.energy B.source C.power D.material,6.Youll find this map of great _ in,helping you to get round London.,A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness,7.-Who did you spend last weekend with?,-_.,A.Palmers B.The Palmers,C.The Palmers D.The Palmers,8.My parents always let me have my own,_ of living.,A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion,9.The lion is considered the king of the forest,as it is a(n)_ of courage and power.,A.example B.sign C.mark D.symbol,10.We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake.,A.victims B.folks C.fellows D.villagers,11.If you dont take away all your things from,the desk,there wont be enough _ for,my stationery.,A.area B.place C.room D.surface,12.It is widely accepted that young babies,learn to do things because certain acts lead,to _.,A.rewards B.prizes,C.awards D.results,13.In the botanic garden we can find a(n),_ of plants that range from tall trees,to small flowers.,A.species B.group C.amount D.variety,14.-Can you shoot that bird at the top of,the tree?,-No,its out of _.,A.range B.reach C.control D.distance,15.The life of London is made up of many,different _A.elements B.sections,C.material D.realities,16.For the sake of her daughters health,she,decided to move to a warm _.,A.weather B.temperature,C.season D.climate,17.To regain their _ after an exhausting,game,the players lay in the grass.,A.force B.energy C.power D.health,18.I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party,and on that _ he was simply brilliant.,A.scene B.circumstance,C.occasion D.situation,19.It cant be a(n)_ that four jewelry,stores were robbed in one night.,A.coincidence B.accident,C.incident D.chance,20.According to the recent research,heavy,coffee drink and heart attack is not,necessarily _ and effect.,A.reason B.impact C.fact D.cause,21.-Im sorry I stepped outside for a,smoke.I was very tired.,-There is no _ for this while you,are on duty.,A.reason B.excuse C.cause,D.explanation,22.The manager has got a good business,_ so the company is doing well.,A,idea B,sense,C,thought Dthinking,23.Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the,table within _ of little children.,A.hand B.reach C.space D.distance,24.,The environmentalists and wild goats,_ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.,A.escape B.absence,C.attendance D.appearance,25.The village is far away from here indeed.,Its _ walk.,A.a four hour B.a four hours,C.a four-hours D.a four hours,26.I have read the material several times but,it doesnt make any _ to me.,A.meaning B.importance,C.sense D.significance,