电子科学与技术专业英语课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,专业英语（,3,）,2,1,专业英语概述,1.1,什么是专业英语,普通英语,（,Common English,Ordinary English,）,科技英语（,English for Science and Technology,）,专业英语,（,English for Special Science and Technology,）,是结合各自专业的科技英语,有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。,隶属于科技英语,是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的,语法体系,和,翻译方法,;,特别,注重客观事实和真理,，表达,准确、精练和正式,。,专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系。专业英语的学习需要有一个,良好的科技英语基础,，同时也要,注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点,等等。,3,学习专业英语的重要性（地球村）,(1),信息获取,(2),成果展示,(3),国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中,90,以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对子电气工程、电子工程和信息类等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出现。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项,申请专利,发表学术论文：,85以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,4,专业词汇,特别注意行业内的普遍认可的名称。,Wafer,；,Die,；,Chip,晶片（晶圆）；裸片；芯片,5,The majority of bipolar transistors used in ICs are of the,n,p,n,type because the higher,mobility,of,minority carriers,(electrons)in the base region results in higher speed performance than can be obtained with,p,n,p,types.,翻译,1,：,IC,中所用双极晶体管大多数是,NPN,型的，因为它在基区中,少数载体,（电子）的更高,移动性,产生比,PNP,型所能得到的更高速度的性能。,翻译,2,：,IC,中所用双极晶体管大多数是,NPN,型的，因为基区中,少数载流子,（电子）具有较高的,迁移率,，使,NPN,晶体管的速度性能高于,PNP,晶体管。,6,Next,a high-temperature(1100C),drive-in,step forms the,n,+-,buried layer,which has a typical,sheet resistance,of 20,/.,翻译,1,：接着，一个高温（约为,1100,）,驱入,步骤形成,N,+,埋入层,，它具有典型的,平板电阻,20,/,。,翻译,2,：然后采用高温（约为,1100,）,再分布,步骤形成,N,+,埋层,，其,方块电阻,典型值为,20,/,。,Figure 2.33b shows a,cross-sectional view,of the device after the epitaxial process.,翻译,1,：图,2-33b,示出了外延过程之后，器件的,交叉区视图,。,翻译,2,：图,2-33b,显示的是经过外延工艺之后的器件,剖面图,。,7,The conventional MOS isolation process has some disadvantages that make it unsuitable for,deep-submicrometer,(0.25m)fabrication.,翻译,1,：传统,MOS,隔离过程具有一些劣势，这使之不适合于,深度次微米,(0.25m),制造,翻译,2,：传统,MOS,隔离工艺具有一些缺点，使其不适合于,深亚微米,(0.25m),制造,To control the formation of,such,defects,special,inline monitoring,techniques are required翻译,1,：为了控制,这种,缺陷的形成，就要求有特殊的,内嵌（,inline,）,监控技术。,翻译,2,：为了控制,这些,缺陷的形成，要求采用特殊的,在线（,inline,）,监控技术。,8,翻译,1,：图,3-20,互连接层的基本测试结构,(a),迂回,结构,(b),交叉,结构,翻译,2,：图,3-20,互连层基本测试结构,(a),蛇状,结构,(b),双梳状,结构,9,1.2 Vocabulary Features,(1),词汇分类,专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,diode,，,capacitor,，,substation ,autotransformer,，,superconductivity,。,很多专业和学科所共有的词汇,不同专业和学科往往具有不同词义,某个专业所特有的词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。,power:,幂，乘方,动力，功率，效率,电源，电力，功率，电能,bus:,公共汽车,母线,总线,Condenser,：,电容器，补偿机,冷凝器,power plant:,发电厂,动力装置,：专业或技术词汇，次技术词汇，非技术词汇,(,二极管,),（电容器）,(,变电站，变电所,),（自耦变压器）,(,超导特性,),10,Vocabulary Features,非技术词汇,在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇,take in -absorb,Look into -examine,find out -discover,turn round -rotate,make good use of -utilize,change -convert,11,名词前缀,前缀,含义,例词,iso,-,相同，相等,Isotope,同位素，,isobar,等压线，,counter-,反，逆，抗，补,Countermodulation,解调；,countercurrent,inter-,中间，相互,internet,mono-,单，一,monolayer,，,multi-,多,multiphase,micro-,微，百万分之一,micromotor,，,microadjustment,semi-,半，部分，不完全,semiconductor,，,semiempirical,半经验的,，,semielectronic,super-,超，上，特,superconductor,，,supergrid,特大功率电网,ultra-,超，过度，极端,ultra-high voltage,（,UHV,）,ultraspeed,extra-,超，特,extra-high voltage(EHV),12,词缀,含义,例词,circ,圆，环,circuit,，,circum,圆周,chron,表时间,synchronism,同步,chronic,慢性的,fold,倍数threefold,三倍,fourfold,四倍,fivefold,meter,仪器仪表,ammeter,安培表，,voltmeter,伏特表,wattmeter,功率表,gram,，,graph,文字，图形,diagram,图表,program,程序,telegraph,电报,phone,声音,microphone,Telephone,therm,(o),热,thermoelectron,热电子,thermoanalysis,热分析,词根,13,Vocabulary Features,缩略词：由,词组中某些词的词头字母,（有时多于一个）所组成，作为一个词按照正常的,规则发音,ROM,RAMRadar,GIS,read only memory,只读存储器,random access memory,随机（存取）储存器,radio detecting and ranging,；雷达,gas insulated station,气体绝缘变电站,geography information system,地理信息系统,14,Vocabulary Features,AC,DC,CD,LED,UPS,HV,HVDC,IEEE,alternating current,交流电,direct current,直流电,compact disc,光盘，压缩磁盘,light emitting diode发光二极管,uninterruptible power supply,不间断电源,high voltage,高压,high voltage direct current,高压直流,institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,美国电气电子工程师协会,首字词：与缩略词类似，区别在于每个实词只取第一个字母，且必须逐字母念出,15,Vocabulary Features,混合法,:,由两个词汇的第一个词汇的前面几个字母和第二个词汇的后面几个字母结合在一起构成。,positron,negatron,字母外形法,:,对一些形状与字母外形相似的物体，可以利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。,X-ray,U-shaped magnet,马蹄形磁铁,Y,-direction,Y,轴方向,H-frame structure H,型框架结构,T-filter T,型滤波器,Y,-connection,Y,(,星,),形连接,positive electron,正电子,negative electron,负电子,16,国际单位制中的前缀,前缀,符号,数值,中文名称,例词,tera,-,T,10,12,兆兆（亿万）,giga-,G,10,9,千兆（十亿）,gigahertz(GHz)10kHz,1GHz,meg(a)-,M,10,6,兆,megohmmeter,megohertz(MHz),kilo-,k,10,3,千,kilometer(km)kilovolt(kV)kilowatt(kW)kilogram(kg,）,hecto-,h,10,2,百,hectogram,deca-,da,10,1,十,decameter,deci-,d,10,-1,分（十分之一）,decimeter,centi-,c,10,-2,厘,centimeter(cm),milli-,m,10,-3,毫,milliampere,（,mA,）,milliammeter,micro-,10,-6,微,microfarad,（,F,）,nano-,n,10,-9,纳,nanometer (nm),pico-,p,10,-12,微微,picocoulomb(pC),picofarad(pF),femto-,f,10,-15,飞，毫微微,atto-,a,10,-18,阿，微微微,17,科学原理,生产过程,拓展训练,实际问题,系统分析,选择问题,安全要求,考虑到,常识,scientific principles,manufacturing processes,extensive training,practical problems,systems analysis,select the problem,safety requirements,take into account,common sense,Expressions:from English to Chinese,18,系统化的知识,简化了的问题,科学概念,以合适的形式,复杂性各异,初步决定,给定的成本,简化为,创造性的综合,vary in complexity,a given cost,systematized knowledge,a preliminary decision,is reduced to,creative synthesis,the simplified problem,in an appropriate form,scientific concepts,Expressions:Matching Game,19,1.3 Grammar Features,客观性（,objective,）,、,准确性（,accuracy,）,和,精练性,(conciseness),。,(1),广泛使用被动语态,(2),广泛使用非谓语形式,(3),省略句使用频繁,(4),It,句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5),复杂长句使用频繁,(6),后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,20,(1),广泛使用被动语态,Grammar Features,主体,多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心,是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,(,客观性,),1)Electricity can,be measured,in amount and quality.,电可以用数量和质量来度量。,2),Electrical energy can,be stored,in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium.Such a device,is called,a capacitor,and its ability to store electrical energy,is termed,capacitance.It,is measured,in Farads.,电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,21,Grammar Features,(2),广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为,动名词,分词,动词不定式,。,动名词,用动名词短语做主语,(,精炼,),1),Changing resistance,is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法,2),Conducting electricity,means the flow of electrons through an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,22,Grammar Features,分词,过去分词,短语替代从句中的,被动语态,现在分词,短语替代从句中的,主动语态,The power supply,which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1,is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,The power supply,shown,in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,图,1,中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。,3)The transistor,which is working with correctly polarities,can work as an amplifier.,The transistor,working,with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.,工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。,23,Grammar Features,不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示,目的和功能,的从句或语句,(1)The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger,to satisfy,the increasing demand of electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。,(2)What does a fuse do?It protects a circuit.,The function of a fuse is,to protect,a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。,24,(3),省略句使用频繁,1)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system,which has,two circuits in it.,The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system,with,two circuits in it.,这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。,As already discussed前已讨论,As explained before,前已解释,As described above,如上所示,If possible(necessary),如果可能（必要）,其他常用的省略形式：,If so,倘若如此,As previously mentioned,前已提到,When needed(necessary,feasible),必要时,Where feasible,在实际可行的场合,Where possible,在可能的情况下,25,Grammar Features,(4),It,句型,和,祈使句,使用频繁,It,句型：,it,充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)that,It happened that,It must be admitted that,祈使句,:,无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.,设,A,等于,B,。,Consider a high-pressure chamber.,假如有一个高气压气候室。,（准确、精炼）,26,Grammar Features,(5),后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics,which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.,All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.,2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs,所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。,到场的仪器中还有一些与,DSP,有关的数字仪器,（精炼）,27,Grammar Features,(6),复杂长句使用频繁,1),It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved,for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial,and it is only in the seas and rivers,and sometimes lakes,where mud and silt has been continuously deposited,that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved.,只有水中或水边生活的动物，才能把遗骸保留下来，因为这样做的条件之一，就是迅速地埋葬。而只有在泥浆和淤泥能够接连不断地沉淀的地方,如海洋、河川，有时在湖泊里，动植物的遗骸和类似的东西，才能被很快地覆盖而保存下来。,（准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句,28,In this section we,discuss,the physical effects,that are exploited,in those semiconductor memories,that can,retain,stored data after power supplies,are disconnected,and where the stored data can,be modified,.,提示：该句有,5,个谓语，分析从句关系有助于理解内容。,全局可翻译为：本节,讨论,具有下述特点的半导体存储器中,采用,的物理效应：这种存储器在,切断,电源后仍然能,保留,业已存储的数据，而且其中存储的数据可以被,修改,。,分析语法关系是为了帮助正确理解内容，不能为了追求语法细节而分析语法。,29,结合专业内容,Hence carriers move away from the junctions after injection,by diffusion,and the action of any fields built in,by variable doping,.,提示：如果根据其位置关系分析，可能认为,“,by diffusion and the action of any fields,”,是修饰直接位于其前面的,“,injection,”,。但是基于物理含义分析，应该修饰,“,move,”,。这是专业英语中经常出现的问题，即如果对物理含义不是很清楚，在翻译时出现的错误不是语法问题，而是违背了物理含义；,“,by variable doping,”,修饰其前面的,“,built in,”,。,全句可翻译为：因此，载流子在注入以后将通过扩散的方式离开结，如果（基区）杂质分布不均匀还会受到自建电场的作用。,30,The associated delay times are found by dividing the charge that must be moved,by the current,that moves it.,提示：根据物理含义分析，,“,by the current,”,应该是修饰动名词,dividing,（表示数学运算中的,“,除,”,），表示用,来除,“,the charge,”,。如果从语法角度分析，可以认为,“,by the current,”,修饰直接位于其前面的,moved,，但是如果这样翻译成汉语，尽管不应该说语法错误，但是物理含义不对；句子两个,that,均是引导定语从句，分别修饰各自前面的名词,charge,和,current,。,全句可翻译为：用必须被移开的电荷除以用于移动电荷的电流，就得到相应的延迟时间。,31,When passing current all devices have been found to have low-frequency noise power in excess of the value predicted,by 4,kTRdf,.,提示：,“,by 4,kTRdf,”,修饰,“,predicted,”,表示预计值为,4,kTRdf,，而不是修饰,“,in excess of,”,表示超过的大小为,4,kTRdf,。如果仅仅从英语语法考虑，上述两种修饰关系均有可能。但是结合物理含义分析，只能理解为修饰,“,predicted,”,，否则翻译出的语句出现物理含义错误。,全句可翻译为：业已发现，在有电流通过时，所有器件都具有比预计值,4,kTRdf,大的低频噪声功率。,32,The intrinsic Fermi level must,shift away from,the band,with,the larger density of states in order to maintain equal numbers of electrons and holes.,提示：要正确翻译本句必须明确,with,是修饰动词,shift,还是修饰名词,band,。从语法分析，两种理解均可，但是译文的含义有所差别。,一种翻译是：本征费米能级的位置也必定将,随着状态密度的增大而发生移动，,以保持电子和空穴的数量相等。,一种翻译是：本征费米能级的位置也必定将,向远离具有更大态密度的能带的方向移动，,以保持电子和空穴的数量相等。,33,复杂,从句,1),几个从句修饰同一概念,The moon is a world,that,is completely and utterly dead,a sterile mountainous waste on,which,during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless furybut,where,during the long night the cold is so intense,that,it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth.,月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界，是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼，太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰，而漫长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。,34,2),从句本身又套从句,The difficulties,that,would have to be encountered by anyone,who,attempted to explore the moon,assuming that,it was possible to get there would be incomparably greater than those,that,have to be faced in the endeavor to reach the summit of Mount Everest.,任何试图探索月球奥秘的人假定他们可能到达那里的话,可能遇到的困难远非攀登珠穆朗玛主峰时遇到的困难所能比拟。,35,3),带有从句的并列复合句,There is always a certain amount of random noise in the receive,which,is recorded on the chart,but the emissions can be recognized as an increase in intensity,when,the telescope is pointing directly at a“radio star”.,在接收器里，总会有一定数量的不规则杂音被记录在图纸上，但是当望远镜直接指向,“,射电星,”,时，我们就能发现无线电辐射波的密度就会增加。,36,利用主语或表语从句进行强调,The transistor is,what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion,.,此句可译为,：,晶体管,（,的发明,）,启动了现代计算机工业的蓬勃发展进程。,本句采用,what,引导的从句做表语，是一种对主语,“,the transistor,”,进行强调的表达方式。其意思相当于：,The transistor started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.,37,利用主语或表语从句进行强调,What allowed the creation of modern processors,was the invention of the integrated circuit,which is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together internally,without extra wiring.,此句可译为：集成电路的发明为现代处理器的诞生创造了条件；集成电路是单片材料制造的一组内部互联的（无额外连线）晶体管。本句采用,what,引导的从句做主语，是对表语“,the invention of the integrated circuit”,的强调。,38,Terminology,Transistor vs.vacuum tube,Conductivity&semiconductor,Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI,Timeline of Electronic Technology Evolution,Company Information,Bell Laboratories,Texas Instruments,Intel Corporation,2 Microelectronic Technology,39,定义,：,真空管是一种内部气体全部或部分抽空的电子管，从而使电子在不受或少受气体分子的干扰下运动。,2.1 Terminology,术语,1 Transistor vs.vacuum tube,Definition,:,The vacuum tube is an electron tube from which all or most of the gas has been removed,permitting electrons to move with no or low interaction with any remaining gas molecules.,40,A transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it,depending on how much electricity is input to it.In other words,it is a digital switch.However,unlike the vacuum tube,it is solid state.,晶体管是一种依据输入电量大小而传导可变电量的器件。换言之，晶体管是一种数字开关。然而，和真空管不同，晶体管是“固态”的。,Transistor vs.vacuum tube,41,The first transistor from Bell Labs,Photo,courtesy,of Lucent Technologies Bell Labs Innovations,(,照片由,提供）,42,Solid state means that it doesnt change its physical form as it switches.There are no moving parts in a transistor.,“,固态,”,的意思是当晶体管切换状态时，它的物理形式不发生变化。晶体管中不存在可以移动的部分,。,Transistor vs.vacuum tube,43,Compared to the vacuum tube,transistors were much smaller,faster,and cheaper to manufacture.They were also far more reliable and used much less power.,Transistor vs.vacuum tube,和真空管相比，晶体管尺寸小得多，速度快得多，生产成本低得多，性能更加可靠，功耗也少得多。,44,While most materials either insulate from electrical flow(air,glass,wood)or conduct electricity readily(metals,water),there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount,or only under certain conditions.These are called semiconductors.,大多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气、玻璃、木头），要么很容易传导电流（如金属、水溶液），但也有一些材料只传导少量电流，或者只在特定条件下传导电流。这些材料被称作半导体。,2 Conductivity,vs.,semiconductor,45,Convection,radiation,conduction,The most commonly used semiconductor is of course silicon.,Conductivity&semiconductor,Confusable with“Silica”,Silica,：硅石，二氧化硅（,SiO,2,）,46,Miniaturization means the reduction in size of components and circuits for increasing package density and reducing power dissipation and signal propagation delays.,微型化是指减少元件和电路的几何尺寸,从而增加封装密度、降低功耗、减少信号传输延迟。,3 Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI,47,The integrated circuit is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together internally,without extra wiring.Integrated circuits are also called ICs or chips.,集成电路就是用单片材料制造的，内部互连的（无外部连线）一组晶体管。集成电路也叫,IC,或者芯片。,Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI,48词汇特点,：,缩略词、首字词、混合法、字母外形法,语法特点,：,客观性（,objective,），准确性（,accuracy,），,精练性,(conciseness),修辞特点,：,（,1,）几个从句修饰同一概念,（,2,）,从句本身又套从句,（,3,）带有从句的并列复合句,（,4,）利用主语或表语从句进行强调,翻译特点,：,逻辑条理性，避免歧义，物理意义等,overview,(1),广泛使用被动语态,(2),广泛使用非谓语形式,(3),省略句使用频繁,(4),It,句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5),复杂长句使用频繁,(6),后置形容词短语作定语多,49,LSI,：,Large-scale In