普通心理学-第八讲-conscis.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Chapter 8 Consciousness,Introduction to Psychology,Peking University,1,Korsakoff,障碍,100年前，心理学家与一位,Korsakoff,病人,握手。手指间藏了一根针。,下次见面，病人不认识大夫，但莫名其,妙地不愿与这位大夫握手。,问题：,意识分层次（见大夫不必害怕；不愿握手）,意识研究历史长，但难度大。,08 July 2026,2,Consciousness,Consciousness,the subjective awareness of mental events,may be easier to describe than to define,.,States of consciousness,qualitatively different patterns of subjective experience and orientations to internal and external events.,3,Outlines,The nature of consciousness,Perspectives on consciousness,Sleep and dreaming,Altered states of consciousness,4,1,The nature of consciousness,Consciousness:a subjective process,Consciousness,awareness,and attention,The function of consciousness,The normal flow of consciousness,5,1.1,Consciousness:subjective process,Consciousness,the subjective awareness of mental events.,W.James(1890),A constantly moving stream of thoughts,feelings,and perceptions.,The consciousness of self.,6,1.2,Consciousness,Awareness,and Attention,Awareness,the current perceptions,thoughts,motives,and feelings that could be available to consciousness if attention were turned to them.,Attention,The process of focusing consciousness,providing heightened sensitivity to a limited range of experience requiring more extensive information processing.,7,觉察,意识,注意,08 July 2026,8,Attention,Selective inattention,relevant but emotionally upsetting,Divided attention,splitting attention,between two or more tasks,Cocktail party phenomenon(Cherry,1953),Dichotic listening tasks,Priming,the influence of recent exposure on performance,Cognitive filter(,Broadbent,1958),Attenuation model(,Treisman,1964),9,注意的三种模型,感觉登记选择性过滤器觉察器短时记忆,感觉登记衰减控制觉察器短时记忆,感觉登记觉察器短时记忆,10,1.3,The function of consciousness,Monitor,Self,Environment,Control,Start&stop,Automatized,process,Meaning for adaptation,11,1.4,The normal flow of consciousness,Experience-sampling,Beeper studies,Csikszentmihalyi,&Larson(1984):,Negative/positive thought(10:1)in family,Daydreaming,From external stimuli to internal thoughts,Klinger,(1992):half of the students time,12,2,Perspectives on Consciousness,Psychodynamic,perspective,Cognitive perspective,Neuropshychology,13,2.1,Psychodynamic,perspective,Freud,意识,潜意识,无意识,压抑、检察官,意识,前意识,无意识,压抑,愿望、恐惧,记忆、情绪,08 July 2026,14,Advance in,Psychodynamic,perspective,Subliminal perception,the perception of stimuli below the,threshould,of consciousness.,Dixon(1971,1981):,Tachistoscope,/Judge the boys personality,Murphy&,Zajonc,(1993),happy or sad face/liking of ideograph,Subliminal perception in ads.,Unconscious emotion,motivation,15,Sourse,:Eagle,1959,08 July 2026,16,2.2,Cognitive perspective,Consciousness=WM or STM,Explicit/implicit memory,Cognitive processes without consciousness,daily speaking,Rubin,et al(1993):Folk writing,Greenwald,(1992):Locating in screen,Kihlstrom,(1987):,unconscious/preconscious cognitive process,(skill or procedures),17,2.3,Neuropsychology,of consciousness,Blindsight,Weiskrantz,et al(1974),Totally blind patient,Being asked to describe an objects geometrical form or give its location in space,Accuracy far better than chance,Two neural pathway,视束丘脑皮层,视束,中脑,丘脑皮层,Jacoby,&,kelley,(1987):,a joke to a,korsakoffs,patient,18,3.,Sleep&Dreaming,Sleeping time,Circadian rhythm,Function of sleepPerception disorder,Attention disorder,Diminished immune functioning,Brainwashing(,Lifton,1963),19,生物节律与睡眠,昼夜节律与生理节律（24.5-24.75）,跨时区征战的橄榄球队,(,Recht,Lew,&Schwartz,1995),不跨时区旅行球队胜率46%,向东旅行的球队胜率37%,向西旅行的球队胜率44%,夜班工人白天睡眠差；工作效率低，事故高,不同物种的睡眠时间,人的睡眠时间,20,3.1,Stages of Sleep,EEG，,electroenciphalograph,清醒和警觉时：,beta wave(14Hz),阶段1：,theta wave(3-7Hz),阶段2：纺锤波、,K,合成体,阶段3和4：,delta wave(掉下悬崖,Expansion of,consci,.(,Cartwright,1974),日有所思，夜有所梦,梦是清醒时思维的继续或扩展,Mental house-keeping,清理认知结构中无用多余的信息，象电脑清理文档。,08 July 2026,24,A biological view,Crick&,Mitchison,(1983),毫无意义的生物现象,Hobson,(1977),激活合成假说,皮层对中脑部位随机神经信号的解释,08 July 2026,25,3.3,Sleep disorders,Insomnia,三种,自陈与实验观察差别较大,安眠药,Nightmares,梦魇,Night terrors,夜惊,尖叫、醒来后莫名其妙；,delta,阶段出现,Sleep apnea,睡眠窒息,窒息时间长达10秒，经常醒来；肥胖者,Narcolepsy,嗜睡,白天在活动中进入,REM,睡眠；遗传性；病人总觉得疲劳,08 July 2026,26,Causes of sleep disorders,睡眠障碍十分普遍,原因多种,生物学,临床上的抑郁病人睡眠过多或失眠，神经系统参与昼夜节律的调节,心理社会,受创伤者容易出现梦魇或失眠等障碍。经历战争、大灾难的人，投诉睡眠问题的比率更高。,08 July 2026,27,4,Altered states of consciousness,Meditation,沉思,Religious Experiences,宗教体验,Hypnosis,催眠,Drug-induced,药物导致的意识状态,08 July 2026,28,4.1,Meditation,追求宁静状态,宗教活动的一部分,改变平时的意识状态,意识去自动化,意识流通常是目标指向的,自我的解脱,意识觉察范围的扩充,生理反应,脑电波类似睡眠状态,印度瑜伽：耗氧极低,08 July 2026,29,4.2,Religious experiences,与自然或超自然一体的意识状态,平静感,内在和谐感,仪式化宗教体验,给个人以安全感，相信存在比自己伟大的力量,价值和信念得到支持、肯定,自我和非自我之间的界限消失，由集体意识支配,08 July 2026,30,4.3,Hypnosis,Hypnosis,Hypnos,希腊睡神,Hypnotic susceptibility,催眠是一种意识变体，特点是易感性，而且不觉得是自己意志左右的结果。,有个体差异，与遗传、年龄有关。,08 July 2026,31,The Hidden Observer,E.,Hilgard,(1986):,催眠与听觉,催眠至耳聋，直到教员用手触摸学生的右肩；敲击木板、铁器等，被试没有反应；但课堂上有学生怀疑被试的某部分能够听到声音。如果听到教员的声音，请树起右手食指，结果，被试的手指翘起来，但他以为催眠师做了什么。,催眠与疼痛感,催眠状态下，手臂放在冰水中，言语报告、手指示的疼痛感报告差别大。,意识分层次,08 July 2026,32,Hypnosis&Memory,催眠能导致遗忘症或记忆增强,催眠师诱发年龄回归，使人记忆早年的事件，语言等。,催眠状态下，儿童回忆起绑匪的驾照号码。,美国很多州立法，禁止用催眠来获得法,庭证据。,08 July 2026,33,4.4,Drug-Induced States of Consciousness,Psychoactive substances,Alcohol and other depressants,Stimulants,Hallucinogens,08 July 2026,34,Psychoactive substances,作用于神经系统，改变心理活动的药物,常见的药物,酒精（酒类饮料）,咖啡因（咖啡、茶叶、巧克力）,尼古丁（香烟）,可卡因,海洛因,08 July 2026,35,Alcohol and other depressants,酒精不是兴奋剂,很多人用酒精提高心情,强化,GABA,的活动，抑制与焦虑有关的去甲肾上腺素,酒精的心理作用,巴比托类药物,小剂量镇静大剂量安眠；心理一生理依赖,酒精滥用和暴力犯罪,认知；归因（借口）；刹车不灵而非加油,08 July 2026,36,Stimulants,常见兴奋剂,尼古丁,咖啡因,安非他明：加速器,可卡因,增加警觉、自主活动的药物,08 July 2026,37,Hallucinogens,在没有任何外在刺激时出现感知觉,文化的意义,个人自娱,08 July 2026,38,Concluding Thoughts,Attentional,mechanisms,Renewed interest in the roles of conscious and unconscious processes,Unconscious mental process other than perception:motivation and emotion,39,