单项填空专题讲座.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,高考专题讲座 之一,单项填空,考纲解读,单项填空题是对考生的词汇语法和理解的考查。每一个单项填空题都是一个完整的语言世界，各种语法穿插其中，对词汇量的要求也逐渐提高。,分值：,15,分,教材：高考试题决不会依据某一种教材，而是依据考试大纲，,考试大纲所规定的必须掌握的词汇的用法及基本的语法知识。,从,2007,年的英语高考大纲的“既要保证平稳过渡，又要体现新课程理念”的命题指导思想来看，,2008,年的考试内容及要求，考试形式和试卷结构不会做太大调整。,命题趋向,1),近几年高考单项填空题基本体现了,“知识化，语境化和交际化”,的特点，没有出现以前所谓的偏,怪,难题。题干大部分比较灵活,简短，语境自然。这是第一个特点。,We forgot to bring our tickets,but please let us enter,_?(2006,全国卷,，,7,）,A.do you B.can we,C.will you D.shall we,C,命题趋向,2),考查点的覆盖面越来越广泛，但又做到了重点突出。这主要体现在复合句和非谓语动词的 考查及名词和动词用法的考查上。,【,例,1】Last week,only two people came to look at the house,_ want to buy it.,（,2007,安徽，,34,）,A.none of them B.both of them,C.none of whom D.neither of whom,D,【,例,2】The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft,the most recent _at the end of last March.(2007,山东，,33,）,has been launched B.having been launched,C.being launched D.to be launched,命题倾向,3,）试题的立意由简单直接的“结构立意”转向复杂间接的“情景立意”。试题设置的语境明确，交际情景（对话形式占很大比例）多是发生在学生学习或日常生活的真实情况。,-Have you been wasting time on computer games again?,-_.Ive been studying a lot and I need a break(2007,山东，,23,）,No way B.Not really,C.I dont agree D.I couldnt agree more.,-Is there anything wrong,Bob?You look sad.,-Oh,nothing much.In fact,I _ of my friends back home.(2007,全国卷,，,15,）,have just thought B.was just thinking,C.would just think D.will just be thinking,命题倾向,4),题干变得较长，题干句的语义结构趋于复杂化，语言信息量越来越大，但是有效信息由外现转为隐藏。这主要体现在非谓语动词和动词时态的考查上。,At the beginning of the class,the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.(2007,全国卷,，,12,）,opened and closed B.to be opened and closed,C.being opened and closed D.to open and close,The biggest problem for most plants,which _just get up and run away when threatened,is that animals like to eat them.(2007,湖南，,24,）,shant B cant,C.neednt D.mustnt,命题倾向,5),语义辨析和语义识别题越来越多，不但加强了对语义的考查，而且加重对词汇扩展能力的考查。,I cant say which wine is best it is a(n)_of personal taste.(2007,山东，,27,）,A.affair B.event C.matter D.variety,Surely it doesnt matter where the student associations get their money from;what _ is what they do with it.(2007,湖北,29),A.counts B.applies C.stresses D.functions,趋势分析,1,）纯语法的试题会减少；,2,）基础知识考查的覆盖面会越来越广；,3,）语境会更加突出；,4,）注重考查学生综合运用英语能力及逻辑推理能力；,5,）加大词义辨析（特别是动词和动词短语辨析）的考查。,应试策略,1,）做题时，要认真研读题目，寻找关键的信息词、词组或句子。切忌死抠语法条条框框，要注意上下文的关系，根据题干所提供的语境来确定最佳答案。,2,）做题时，要仔细分析，正确理解，通过调整语序或简化句子找到设问角度，弄清命题意图。,3,）做题时，要结合语境，注意惯用法和固定搭配，既要注意同义词（组）间的语法差异，又要注意它们之间的意义差异。,4,）做题时，要研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是隐含于信息中的动词时间信息。发现和分析这些信息是解决问题的关键。,分类突破,【,辨析型单项填空,】,：,辨析型单项填空题是指通过对试题选项中的词汇,短语的形式和意义进行辨析，从而根据句子的意义对选项作出正确的判断和选择。,此类题型往往考查对名词,动词,代词,形容词,副词介词及短语意义和应用的辨析。,1,）词义辨析：,例,1On New Years Day,people,especially girls,always wear new _-new hats,new scarves,new coats,new trousers,new shoes and new socks.A.clothes B.clothing C.cloth D.dress,例,2 Mike didnt play football yesterday because he had _his leg.(2006,全国卷,）,A.damaged B.hurt C.hit D.struck,B,B,例,3 The new model of car is so expensive that it is _ the reach of those with average incomes.(2006,江苏，,24,）,over B.within C.beyond D.below,例,4The committee is discussing the problem right now.It will _ have been solved by the end of next week.(2006,江苏,26,eagerly B.hopefully,C.immediately D.gradually,C,B,1)instructions,directions,introductions,explanations;,2)sight,view,scene,scenery;,3)strength,power,energy,force;,4)state,condition,situation,occasion,case;,5)way,method,approach,means;,6)practice,manners,custom,habit;,7)clothes,clothing,cloth,dress;,8)surroundings,condition,environment,需注意的几种,名词,辨析归纳,：,相关高考试题,：,1.Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.(2006,福建，,35),explanations B.instructions,C.descriptions D.introductions,2.,School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous _.(2006,辽宁，,32),states B.conditions,C.situations D.positions,B,C,3.At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics.(2006,湖北,24),A.approaches B.means,C.methods D.ways,4.Its bad _ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.,A.behavior B.action,C.manner D.movement,A,A,需注意的,动词或动词短语,辨析归纳,：,1)destroy,damage,ruin,2)hurt,wound,injure,harm;,3)strike,hit,beat,knock；,4)last,stay,remain,keep;,5)stand,hold,support,fill;,6)fetch,take,bring,carry；,7)turn,become,get,go,grow,come,run,fall;,8)defend,protect,guard,prevent;,9)separate,divide,part；,10)happen,occur,take place,come about,break out,11)desert,abandon,give up,leave;,12)divide,separate,part;,13)interrupt,disturb,bother;,14)beat,defeat,win;,15)treat,cure,heal;,16)examine,check,test,inspect;,17)gain,get,earn,obtain,acquire,achieve;,18)realize,recognize,know,know of/about;,相关高考试题,1.We want to rent a bus which can _ 40 people for our trip to Beijing.,（,2006,天津，,6,）,A.load B.hold C.fill D.support,2.It was already past midnight and three young men _ in the tea house.,（,2006,安徽，,24,）,A.left B.remained,C.delayed D.deserted,B,B,3.Modern plastic can _ very high and very low temperatures.,（,2006,山东，,29,A.stand B.hold C.carry D.support,4.On hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine,she _ pale.,（,2004,湖北，,33,A.got B.changed,C.went D.appeared,5.We shall _ our island,whatever the cost may be.,A.defend B.protect C.guard D.prevent,A,C,A,需注意的,形容词,辨析归纳：,1,）,normal,average,common,general,ordinary,usual;,2)certain,sure,3)alive,live,living,lively,lovely;,需注意的,介词或其他短语,辨析归纳：,besides,except,except for,except that/when/what/etc,apart from,other than,as well as,in addition to,2)because of,due to,owing to,thanks to;,3)more than,more than,no more than,no more than,not more than,mot more than,other than,rather than,2,）,词性辨析：,例,1_ had I done it when I knew I had made a mistake.,Hardly B.Directly,C.Mostly D.Nearly,例,2_ I meet Mary in the street,she will greet me with a smile.,Before B.Surely,C.Each time D.For,A,C,3,词形辨析：,例,1 I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.(2006,北京，,35,）,working;stopping B.to work;stopping,C.working;to stop D.to work;to stop,例,2He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out.,（,2006,陕西，,18,）,to be told B.to tell C.told D.telling,C,A,4,）,词序辨析：,多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序,:,限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；,颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠；,注意：,1)“,限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有,all,、,half,、,both,、,分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如,:both my hands,、,all half his income,等。,2),“,描绘”性形容词如：,beautiful,、,bad,、,cold,、,great,等。,3)“,大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。表示“形状”的词如：,round square,等。,4)“,国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。,5)“,材料”的词如：,wooden,woolen,stone,silk,等。“作用类别”的词如：,medical,college,，,writing desk,，,police car,等。,例,1Although she did not know Boston well,she made her way_ to the Home Circle Building.,easy enough B.enough easy,C.easily enough D.enough easily,例,2lets question _ there,and they will tell us the truth.,the present students B.the students present,C.present the students D.students the present,重点掌握词：,enough,present,concerned,content,etc.,C,B,5,）,短语辨析：,包括：动词与不同的介词副词搭配；名词前有无冠词；介词短语搭配等。,例,1With no one to _ in such a frightening situation,she felt very helpless.(2006,陕西，,14,）,turn on B.turn off C.turn over D.turn to,例,2She _ Japanese when she was in Japan.Now she can speak it freely.,（,2006,福建，,14,）,picked out B.made out,C.made up D.picked up,D,D,例,3My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was _ it.(2006,陕西，,10,）,A.in honor of B.in memory of,C.in favor of,D.in search of,C,分类突破,【,结构型单项填空,】,：,考查考生对英语句子结构的把握情况。表现：句子某些成分的省略；标点符号的识别；倒装或插入其他成分使句子前后分离等，因而引起句子结构的变化，扰乱考生对句子成分的判断。,1,）有省略的复合句,-,补全法,由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略，致使考生对不定式状语产生误解。答题方法：尽量把省略部分补全，这有助于正确地确定答案。,例,1:He said he would do what he could _ us.,A.help B.to help C.helping D.helped,例,2:-Where did you get to know her?,-It was on the farm _ we worked.(2007,山东，,30,）,A.that B.there C.which D.where,B,D,2),标点符号提示：,由于受汉语习惯的影响，考生往往不注意标点符号，从而弄错句子结构。,例,1,：,Mary,_ here-everybody else,stay where you are.(2006,全国卷,，,35,）,come B.comes C.to come D.coming,例2:Soon they came to a farm house;_ roof was much higher than the others.,which B.whose C.that D.its,例,3:I have many friends,_ some are businessmen.(2005,全国卷,，,24,）,A.Of them B.from which C.who of D.of whom,A,D,D,3,）插入语的影响,-,简化法,有些句子插入了某些成分，从而使句子结构支离破碎，造成考生对句子结构的误解。解决方法：去掉插入语或附加的次要成分，就会迅速地找到答案。,例,1,It is imagination _ makes the word colorful,full of vigor and variety.(2007,上海春招，,32,）,A.where B.what C.that D.when,例,3,：,E-mail,as well as telephones,_ an important part in daily communication.,A.is playing B have played C.are playing D.play,C,A,分类突破,【,搭配型单项填空,】,：,考查范围：动词，介词，名词，形容词，数词等的固定搭配。,例,1:A clean environment can help the city bid for Olympics,which _ will promote its economic development.,（,2006,山东，,35,）,A.in nature B.in return C.in turn D.in fact,例,2:Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to _a good researcher.,（,2006,山东，,25,）,A.make B.turn C.get D.grow,C,A,分类突破,【,逻辑型单项填空,】,：,考查范围：主谓一致，意义一致，人称一致，非谓语动词和介词的逻辑主语一致等。,例,1:-Who called me this morning when I was out?,-A man calling _ Robert.(2006,福建，,21,）,A.him B.himself C.his D./,例,2:We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketballs,_ that all children like these things.(2006,全国卷,，,17,）,A.thinking B.think C.to think D.thought,例,3:At the age of seven,_.,A.his father died.B.he lost his father,C.his dog followed him D.his parents divorced,B,A,B,分类突破,【,语境型单项填空,】,：,在一定的语境进行语法知识和语言知识的考查，是近年高考试题中常见的题目，这就要求考生一定要以语境为切入点，认真思考，仔细分析，确定正确答案。,例,1:-Tom,you didnt come to the party last night?,-I _,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.(2007,全国卷,，,20,）,A.had to B.didnt C.was going to D.wouldnt,例,2:Your story is perfect;Ive never heard _ before.,（,2006,全国卷,，,14,）,A.the better one B.the best one,C.a better one D.a good one,C,C,分类突破,【,交际型单项填空,】,：,考查范围：问答情况，请求与建议，表示祝愿，道歉，感谢，表达意见，观点等。,例,1:-I wonder if I could possibly use your car for tonight?,-_.Im not using it anyhow.(2006,全国卷,，,34,）,A.Sure,go ahead.B.I dont know,C.Yes,indeed.D.I dont care.,例,2:-Im thinking of the test tomorrow.Im afraid I cant pass this time.,-_!Im sure you will make it.,（,2006,天津，,9,）,A.Go ahead B.Good luck,C.No problem D.Cheer up,A,D,例,3,：,-Would you like some more soup?,-_.Its delicious,but Ive had enough.(2006,重庆,22,）,A.Yes,please.B.No,thank you,C.Nothing more D.Id like some.,例,4:-How are you getting on with your cleaning?Do you need my help?,-_,but I think Im all right.(2006,安徽，,23,）,A.No,thanks.B.Thats OK.,C.You are helpful D.Thats very kind of you.,B,D,【,其它解题方法,】,：,1,）找提示词法,对有些题来说，若找准关键的提示词（如,and,but,otherwise,等），就会迎刃而解。,例,1,：,They are all very tired,but,_ of them would stop to take a rest.,A.any B.some C.none D.neither,例,2,：,_ with me,and,Ill see what I can do.,A.When left B.Leaving,C.If you leave D.Leave,C,D,2),转化法,所谓“转化法”就是把有些复合句、被动句、疑问句、倒装句、感叹句、强调句等转化为便于理解的简单句、主动句、陈述句等。,1,复合句转化为简单句：,例,1,：,_blood if you can and many lives will be saved.,A.Giving B.Give C.Given D.To give,2.,被动句转化为主动句,:,例,2,：,Visitors _ not to touch the exhibits.,A.will request B.request,C.are requesting D.are requested,B,D,3.,疑问句转化为陈述句,例,3:Was it in 1969 _the American astronaut succeeded _landing on the moon?,A.when;on B.that;on,C.when;in D.that;in,例,4:_ role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.,A.How interesting B.How an interesting,C.What interesting D.What an interesting,D,D,3),逆向思维法,逆向思维是一种创造性的思维，它冲破了固有的“思维定势”，运用逆向思维，在目前灵活多变的高考试题中，可收到意想不到的结果。,例,1,：,As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,not _,and asked myself what I was going to do.(2007,湖南，,29),A.moved B.moving C.to move D.being moved,例,2,：,Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.,A.while B.that C.when D.as,例,3:In order not to be disturbed,he spent three hours _ in his study.,A.locking B.locked D.lock D.lock,例,4:Which do you enjoy _ your weekends,fishing or watching TV?,A.spending B spent C.spend D.to spend,4),注意意群的应用,意群就是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分，每一个成分即称为一个意群。同一意群中的词与词的关系紧密相关，密不可分，否则就会引起误解。请看下面一道题：,-Will you please _ me the favor to find a job,sir?,-Yes,Ill do what I can _ you.,to do;help B.do;help,C.do;to help D.to do;to help,许多同学见到该题，不加思索地选择,B,，,因为他们认为,can,的后面一定要用动词原形，其实此句意群是,I will do/what I can/to help you,从句,what I can,作主语,I will do,的宾语,。,（,一）,.,固定搭配在句子中充当其中一个成分。,Mrs,Brown is used to _ all the windows open.,A.sleeping alone with B.sleep alone with,C.sleeping lonely for D.sleep lonely for,简析：该题是由两个固定搭配的意群组成的：,(1)be used to doing,（,习惯于做,.,）,(2)with,的复合结构。若能把这两个固定搭配意群弄清，问题也就迎刃而解。,（二）,.,当从句充当主句的一个成分时，注意它在整句中所充当的成分,。,The women used what they had _ for their daughter.A.to buy a new dress B.buying a new dress,C.bought a new dress D.buy a new dress,简析：许多同学看到该题不加思索地选择,C,，,他们误以为,had,后接过去分词，构成完成时，殊不知此句中的,what they had,已是一个完整的意群，作,used,的宾语。主谓结构完整，后面应跟动词不定式作目的状语 。,（三,.,）带介词的不定式短语充当一个句子成分时，要注意动词后面的介词。,Though the chair looks rather hard,it is very comfortable to _.,A.sit B.sit on C.be sat D.be sat on,简析：该题中不定式短语,to sit,为不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词,on,，,才能构成一个完整的意群。,(,四,).,当动词短语充当一个成分时，要注意它与其它句子成分之间的关系。,The clerk _ his letter is working in our company.,A.referred B.referred to C.referred to in D.referred in,简析：该题中,referred to,与,in his letter,各属一个意群。,(,五,).,注意口语中的省略成分。,-Would you mind looking after my dog?Ill be away on a business trip.,-Not at all._.,Ive no time B.Id rather not C.Id like it,D.Id be happy to,简析：该题 中句子省略了,look after your dog.,（,六）,.,当句中有插入成分时，要注意它与主句之间的关系。,_ you have seen both fighters,_ will win?,A.Since;do you think who B.As;who you think,C.When;whoever D.Since;who do you think,简析：,do you think,是独立的意群，充当句子中的插入成分,。,（七）,.,应注意是双宾语还是宾语从句。,Please tell me the subject _ tomorrow afternoon.,A.to discuss B.discussing,C.to be discussed D.will be discussed,简析：有些同学误认为这道题是宾语从句，把,subject,当作从句中的主语，这样必然错误地选择,D,。,其实该题是一个分词短语，,to be discussed tomorrow afternoon,是一个意群，作,subject,的后置定语。,（,八）：多个定语修饰某一个名词时，要注意它们之间的并列关系。,The way he thought of _ this problem sounds reasonable.,to solve B.solving C.solved D.solve,简析：这道题很多同学会选,B,认为介词后接动名词作宾语。其实，,he thought of,和,to solve the problem,是两个并列的意群，作并列定语，修饰前面的名词,way,.,【,模拟试题,】,从,A,、,B,、,C,、,D,四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。,1.He cant help _ housework,for he is busy preparing for the examination.,A.doing B.done C.to do D.but do,2.The young man spent as much time as he _ over his lessons.,A.could going B.went,C.could go D.had gone,C,A,3.Cant you read?Mary said _ to the notice.,A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily,C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing,4.The pen I _ I _ is on my desk right under my nose.,A.think;lost B.thought;had lost,C.think;had lost D.thought;have lost,A,B,5.Where do you suppose _ the lecture to us?,A.will the professor give,B.the professor will give,C.would the professor give,D.the professor would give,6.All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest.,A.once they grew B.they once grew,C.that once grew D.once grew,B,B,复习策略,1,全面学习掌握语法基础知识。,2,突出重点，不要平均用力。,词法方面：动词及动词短语辨析，动词的时态、语态，非谓语动词；句法方面：复合句是重点，三大从句及关联词的使用是高考热点，也是复习的重点。,3,注重在语境中运用知识。,特别是词义辨析题，必须放在语境中去熟练运用。有了语境的衬托，单词短语的用法便会一目了然。,临场应用技巧,做好单项填空题，要养成一个良好的习惯：一定要把句子读完，直到最后一个单词。要对四个答案进行比照分析，并结合语境。特别是情景交际，一定要把两句话结合起来，不能孤立地对待每个句子。单项填空题的解题方法虽然很多，但答题时还需要我们灵活运用。同时，仅仅掌握解题技巧还不够，关键是具备扎实的基础知识，这要从平时做起，从点滴做起，多积累，以不变应万变。,Thanks for your time.,